Goethe - a Literary Genius

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is the most important German literary figure of modern times and is often compared to Shakespeare and Dante. He was a poet, dramatist, director, novelist, scientist, critic, artist and statesman during what was known as the Romantic period of European arts. Even today many writers, philosophers and musicians draw inspiration from his ideas and his plays open to wide audiences in theatres. The Goethe Institut is Germanys national institute for promoting German culture around the world. In German speaking countries Goethe’s works are so prominent they have been referred to as classics since the end of the 18th century. Goethe was born in Frankfurt (Main) but spent most of his life in the city of Weimar, where he was ennobled in 1782. He spoke many different languages and travelled great distances throughout his life. In the face of the quantity and quality of his oeuvre it is tough to compare him to other contemporary artists. Already in his lifetime he managed to become an acclaimed writer, publishing internationally bestselling novels and dramas such as â€Å"Die Leiden des jungen Werther (The Sorrows of Young Werther, 1774) and Faustâ€Å" (1808). Goethe was already a celebrated author at the age of 25, which made explain some of the (erotic) escapades he supposedly engaged in. But erotic topics also found their way into his writing, which in a time coined by rigorous views on sexuality was nothing short of revolutionary. Goethe also played an important role in the â€Å"Sturm und Drang† movement and published some acclaimed scientific work such as â€Å"The Metamorphosis of Plants† and the â€Å"Theory of Color†. The later built on Newton’s work on color, with Goethe asserting that what we see as a specific color depends on the object we see, the light, and our perception. He studied the psychological attributes of color and our subjective ways of seeing them, as well as complementary colors. In so doing, he improved our understanding of color vision. Besides, writing, researching, and practicing law, Goethe sat on several councils for the Duke of Saxe-Weimar during his time there. As a well-travelled man, Goethe enjoyed interesting encounters and friendships with some of his contemporaries. One of those exceptional relationships was the one he shared with Friedrich Schiller. In the last 15 years of Schiller’s life, both men formed a close friendship and even worked together. In 1812 Goethe met Beethoven, who in reference to that encounter later stated: â€Å"Goethe – he lives and wants us all to live with him. It is for that reason that he can be composed.â€Å" Goethe Influence on Literature and Music Goethe had an enormous influence on German literature and music, which sometimes meant he turned up as a fictional character in works of other authors. While he had more of an oblique impact on the likes of Friedrich Nietzsche and Herrmann Hesse, Thomas Mann brings Goethe to life in his novel â€Å"The Beloved returns – Lotte in Weimar† (1940). In the 1970s, German author Ulrich Plenzdorf wrote an interesting take on Goethe’s works. In â€Å"The new Sorrows of Young W.† he brought Goethe’s famous Werther story to the German Democratic Republic of his own time. Very fond of music himself, Goethe inspired countless composers and musicians. In particular, the 19th century saw many of Goethe’s poems turned into musical works. Composers such as Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Fanny Hensel, and Robert and Clara Schumann set his poems to music.

Parkinson s Disease A Common Neurological Disorder

I have become a lizard, a great lizard frozen in a dark, cold, strange world.† So says Roberto Garcia d orto in his description for Parkinson’s disease. This disease is a very common neurological disorder. Two centuries ago, James Parkinson was the first to describe the disease in detail. He published a monograph, â€Å"An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,† describing a neurological illness consisting of resting tremors and an odd form of progressive motor disability, now known as Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is associated with many challenges and complexities. The diagnosis, causes and risk factors, and treatments of Parkinson’s disease are the best categories to gain knowledge from about the disease and how it affects the patients’ behaviors. To obtain a valid diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, clinicians should examine some motor and non-motor features. The motor features of Parkinson’s disease are characterized by resting tremors, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural and gait impairment. According to Samii, Nutt, and Ransom, â€Å"A resting tremor with a frequency of 3-5 Hz is the first symptom in 70% of Parkinson’s disease patients† (1783). Most people, if they have tremors, do not have this range of frequency. Hand tremors are more common in patients as a presenting sign than foot tremors, and they usually get worse with anxiety and walking. Rigidity is another sign of Parkinson’s disease, which is more prevalent in the tremulous limb. Rigidity is the inabilityShow MoreRelatedParkinson s No Longer Happens But Is Inherited1181 Words   |  5 Pagesone inherits a trait, disorder, or disease that is passed or shared through families. Whether it is albinism or red hair (also ref erred to as day walkers or ginger) height or heath both parent carry the autosomal trait that is passed to the child. An autosomal recessive disorder means that two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. A mutation in a gene on one of the first 22 non-sex chromosomes can lead to an autosomal disorder like Down syndrome orRead MoreThe Disease Of Parkinson s Disease1648 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s disease has been cataloged as one of the most serious and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects a wide array of motor and non-motor aspects that impact the function of a person. Afflicting over four million Americans and the second most common neurological disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s continues to take its toll on the neurological health of many(Constantinescu et al, 2007 ). James Parkinson, a British physician first coined this disorder as â€Å"shakyRead MoreParkinson s Dise ase Is A Chronic Progressive Movement Disorder Of The Central Nervous System895 Words   |  4 PagesParkinson s disease is a chronic progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related; these include shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and Parkinson’s like gait (leaning forward, small fast pace steps, shuffling, etc.). Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of nerve cells in the brain, entitled neurons. Although damage can be spread about, it primarily affects neuronsRead MoreEssay about What is Parkinsons Disease?1415 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson diseaseRead MoreThe Parkinson s Disease Foundation1443 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The Parkinson’s Disease Foundation states that this disease is a chronic and progressive movement disorder. In another words, the disease typically worsens over time. Nearly one million people in the United States live with Parkinson’s disease today (Parkinson’s Disease Foundation: What is Parkinson’s Disease, 2016). The cause of this disease is still being researched and tested, but as of now it is still unknown and has no cure. Since there is no cure, things like medications, treatmentsRead MoreQuantitative Study: Burdens among Parkinson’s disease Caregiver979 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Parkinson’s is the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimer’s. It has been described as a chronic, progressive, neurological disorder, which generally not life-threatening but is incurable (Magennis Corry, 2013). Parkinson disease has no antidote but has altered treatments. Patients require caregivers help when PD gradually starts to affects motor, cognitive and emotional functioning. Patients are hindered from fulfilling their daily needs, thus necessitating the caregiver’sRead MoreThe Purpose Of My Research Conducted For This Paper Was1677 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between Parkinson s disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson s is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition . The loss of these chemical messengers can cause both stiffness of the body and tremors, which are two common effects of ParkinsonRead MoreOn Nervous Disorders : Parkinson s Disease1193 Words   |  5 PagesOn Nervous Disorders: Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor, slowed movement, and muscle rigidity; typically only seen in those over the age of forty. It is named after James Parkinson, an English surgeon, whom first described the symptoms of â€Å"the shaking palsy,† in a report published in 1817 (Grimes, 2004). The brain is the control center of the body. The brain orchestrates movement, sensations, feelings, personality, andRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Disease3496 Words   |  14 Pages Parkinson s disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Parkinson s Disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Outline Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Symptoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Tremor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 6 Slow Movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Rigid Muscles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Disfigured Posture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 LossRead MoreParkinsonS Disease, Also Known As Pd, Shaking Palsy, And1530 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinson s disease, also known as PD, shaking palsy, and paralysis agitans is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder; it rises from an unknown cause and increases in severity over time (Ronken). The disease was named after English physician James Parkinson, who first described it in 1817 (Weiner). PD can be defined as the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the area of the brain that contains dopamine cells and regulates movement. As the degeneration of neurons occurs,

Desegragation of Schools Free Essays

string(29) " six thousand more students\." President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed the black people from the bondage of slavery. Shortly after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Congress passed three Constitutional amendments and four Civil Rights acts securing Negro rights. In 1896, Plessy v. We will write a custom essay sample on Desegragation of Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that it was not wrong for a state to use discriminatory seating practices on public transportation and that each state may require segregation on public transportation. It sustained the transportation law that ordered separate but equal transportation facilities for blacks and whites. The Supreme Court went on to make several other significant decisions sanctioning racial segregation in other circumstances and in other places. The Supreme Court subsequently ruled to authorize racially segregated schools. Prior to the Brown decision, there were significant Supreme Court decisions in this country in the 1930’s and the 1940’s through which blacks gained important civil rights. Blacks were admitted to white Law Schools. White Primaries were outlawed. Racially restrictive covenants in real estate sales were voided. In 1954, the renowned case, Brown v. Board of Education was decided. The Supreme Court declared segregated schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. It called for the elimination of discrimination in all public schools. Because the Supreme Court focused on the race issue in public schools, so did the nation. In 1955, Brown v. Board of Education II was decided. The court ruled that blacks need not be immediately admitted to pubic schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis, but that school boards should eliminate segregation â€Å"with all deliberate speed. † In the South, there was massive resistance to the desegregation of schools. For the next ten years after the Brown I and II decisions the Supreme Court took an inconspicuous position. In 1965-1966 Judge John Minor Wisdom from the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals made three decisions that transformed the face of school desegregation law. The three cases were Singleton v. Jackson I and II and U. S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education. The critical premise set forth in these decisions was that school boards had a positive duty to integrate, not merely to stop segregating. U. S. v. Jefferson County Board of Education was one of the most important school desegregation decisions. It was a remedial decree which outlined in detail specifically how school districts were to equalize educational opportunity. This decision foretold of a level of judicial involvement in local education that would have been unimaginable at the time of the Brown decisions. In 1968, the U. S. Supreme Court decided in Green v. County School Board that the school board had the responsibility of affirmative action integration and that it must assume that responsibility immediately. The Court said that school boards would be judged on performance, not on promises or paper. The performance of school boards was to rely on statistical evidence. In 1969, the issue of faculty assignments was addressed in the Supreme Court in U. S. v. Montgomery County (Alabama) Board of Education. The Court set forth a racial ratio of teachers in the school district using quantitative standards. This decision marked the first time the Supreme Court sanctioned the inclusion of affirmative numerical goals in a school desegregation remedy. It was an overdue attempt to give the lower courts and school boards positive guidance as to what faculty desegregation required. Also in 1969, Alexander v. Holmes (Mississippi) Board of Education ordered school systems to integrate no later than February 1970. Eventually, this deadline was extended for years. In that same year the Court, in Carter v. West Feliciana Parish School Board, scolded the school board for delaying student desegregation. In 1970, the Supreme Court decided Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg (Virginia) Board of Education. This was the first decision made by the Supreme Court during the Nixon administration with the two new Chief Justices who were Nixon appointees. In this first decision, written by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, one of President Nixon’s nominees, the court found Charlotte-Mecklenburg out of compliance with Green. The Court adopted the Finger Plan, a plan proposed by Dr. John Finger, an expert witness in the case selected by the Court. The Finger Plan was to result in schools throughout the system ranging, ideally, between nine and thirty eight percent black enrollment. These percentages were not an absolute, but a goal. It involved busing an additional thirteen thousand students and buying over one hundred new school buses. Start up costs to implement this plan were over one million dollars, with annual operating expenses of over one half of a million dollars. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg laid the framework for all future court decisions involving busing. It also implemented the Green decision. Basically, it said that if a school district is found to be in constitutional violation, an appropriate remedy must be implemented. In 1974, the Swann case was closed, leaving the constitutional operation of the schools to the Board of Education. In 1970, Senator John Stennis of Mississippi and other Southern Senators proposed that new federal desegregation guidelines be enforced uniformly across the country. The Stennis amendment was adopted by the Senate. During the 1960’s, urban schools in the North and the South were untouched by the Courts. The Courts had been concentrating on the rural South. The 1960’s had seen a great migration of rural Southern blacks to Northern cities. In the early 1960’s, three fourths of all blacks in the United States lived in urban areas. The north had its own way of distancing blacks, ghettos. In the South, there was de jure segregation of schools, which is segregation of schools required by law. In the North, there was defacto segregation of schools, which is segregation of schools due to residential segregation. In 1972, the Supreme Court heard its first northern and western case, Keyes v. School District No. 1 (Denver, Colorado). The court found the school district guilty of subtle racism. The remedy that the Court implemented was the busing of six thousand more students. You read "Desegragation of Schools" in category "Papers" Many elementary school students went one half day to a segregated school and one half day to an integrated school. In 1974, Federal District Court Judge Garrity found that the Boston, Massachusetts School Committee was implementing a systematic program of segregation affecting all students, teachers and schools. The Court imposed the remedy of mandatory busing. This order created chaos and social upheaval in the city of Boston. In 1974, Milliken v. Bradley posed a question of remedy to the Supreme Court. The Federal District Court had found that the city of Detroit, Michigan was obstructing integration. The question before the Court was could the Court use suburban students to desegregate inner city schools. The Court’s decision was that suburban students could not be used to desegregate inner city schools. It was a decision that gave priority to educational democracy over school integration. This decision upheld the right of the middle and upper classes, which are predominantly white, to flee the inner city to the suburbs and to educate their children in suburban schools. The segregation that occurred in Detroit’s urban school system was the result of segregated housing practices. This was the first major defeat of the pro-integrationist forces in the Supreme Court. It was the beginning of a continuing trend in the Supreme Court. School desegregation is unfinished business. The desegregation of schools has not significantly improved black students’ achievements, nor has it eliminated segregation in American society as a whole. Racism and prejudice continue to be a major problem in our country. Many problems with our current methods of desegregation of schools have become apparent. However, the United States is relatively inexperienced at the business of racial equality, since the desegregation of schools began just thirty four years ago with the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education. There are many points that need to be refined. Desegregated schools send a message of victory to the black community, that of equal protection under the law. However, community support of school desegregation as well as the attitudinal makeup of the individual and the influence of his family and peers are important factors that influence whether or not a child feels a sense of power. A child’s self esteem can be affected either positively or adversely by attendance at a desegregated school. A child’s self esteem depends on his social interactions and reflects others perceptions of him and of the organizations with which he is affiliated. A child’s self esteem is not effectively raised by attendance at a racially mixed school with a poor reputation, nor is it raised by attendance at a high status school where the child is looked down upon. Schools that are racially mixed and are located in naturally desegregated neighborhoods foster and heighten a child’s self esteem. A person’s sense of powerlessness is closely related to their comparison of their own deprivation as compared to others. A segregated black child has less awareness of his family’s low status in the mainstream of society than in a desegregated school where the student will become aware of how deprived he is in comparison to other students. The expectations of parents, teachers and friends also motivate the child. A child sees his performance through their eyes. He is also motivated by their expectations for him. In the ghetto school expectations are low. In a desegregated school, expectations are much higher, but not necessarily for the black, or bused, students. Higher teacher expectations can motivate students in any school. Assimilation of middle class ideas and values depends on how much a child is exposed to them. This is more an integration of the social classes than of race. The climate of the integrated group is an important factor in the assimilation of new values. A desegregated school does provide for exposure to different value systems. Attendance at a desegregated school not only exposes a child to different value systems but also changes his attitudes towards other races and classes. This is a process that takes time. Contact with other social classes of people and races of people and the knowledge of and familiarity with one another is the basis for overcoming prejudice. Prejudice is the pre-judgement, positive or negative, of another person on the basis of that person’s appearance, sex, race, ethnic background or any particular belief. As well as acquainting students with the history of school desegregation, I also wish to educate students as to the extreme prejudice and discrimination that blacks in the United States have been subjected to throughout our history. I want the students to have a knowledge of the segregation laws, also called Jim Crow Laws. This is a very painful part of our heritage that is omitted from history textbooks. I feel our inner city students should be educated about the history of their ancestors and about the continuing journey of blacks from slavery to equality. Segregation is the method of physically separating people by race. It was developed by whites after slavery was abolished with the purpose of confining and controlling blacks. In the North, slavery was abolished by the 1830’s. The free northern blacks could not be bought or sold. They could not be separated from their families. They couldn’t be legally made to work without compensation. However, the blacks were by no means equal to the whites. The doctrine of White Supremacy was universally accepted. Northerners made sure blacks understood their status. One of the major ways the blacks were confined was through segregation laws. In the South, the first place segregation emerged was in the cities. The institution of slavery in Southern cities found blacks and whites living in the same house, divided only by a wall. This was unlike the rural South, where slaves lived in separate houses from their masters. The purpose of segregation was the convenience of the masters and the control of the slaves. After the Civil War, Lincoln declared in his Emancipation Proclamation that all slaves were freed. Immediately afterwards, blacks and whites established physical and social distance between themselves. After the Emancipation, the states instituted the Black Codes, which imposed restrictive conditions on blacks that virtually reinslaved them. The Jim Crow Laws were instituted on the railroads. These Black Codes remained in effect until the First Reconstruction, a period of black Civil Rights. The First Reconstruction was ushered in by the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Reconstruction Act of 1867. By the mid-1870’s public attitude had undergone a gradual change. There was a resumption of the policies of White Supremacy. The Redemption was the return of old Southern attitudes. The black peoples’ stigma from slavery stopped them from fighting for their civil rights, if they were not given to them. During this period, the platform of the Southern upper class white conservatives was that blacks were inferior but that they should not be subject to segregation or humiliation. Squeamishness about contact with blacks was thought to be a lower class white, or â€Å"cracker†, attitude. During this period, racism was expressed in the United States Supreme Court decisions. Between 1873 and 1898, three cases drastically limited black privileges and immunities. These cases were the Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873, U. S. v. Reese and U. S. v. Cruikshank. The Civil Rights Cases of 1883 held that the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution gave Congress the power to restrain states but not individuals from acts of racial discrimination and segregation. In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson, the court decided that the separate but equal doctrine was justification for segregation. The turn of the century was a new era of racism, spurred on by recent Supreme Court decisions. There was a renewal of the White Supremacy doctrine. When the United States acquired the Phillipines, Cuba and Hawaii we had under our jurisdiction eight million people of a dark race. Attitudes of racism against these dark-skinned people included American blacks. This period of history was marked by severe segregation laws and discriminatory practices. One such practice was the disfranchisement of the Negro. The standard procedure for disfranchisement of blacks was to set up barriers for voting through which only white men could squeeze. A voter was required to meet property and literacy qualifications. There were loopholes for underprivileged whites, such as the understanding clause, the grandfather clause and the good character clause. Before a citizen could vote, he was also required to pay a poll tax, which was a very reliable means of defranchising blacks and objectionable whites. At this time, the White Primary democratized nominations and party control. The White Primary excluded minorities and became a white man’s club. At this time, propaganda about negro crimes, such as arrogance, surly manners and impertinence was spread. Race relations deteriorated. White mobs committed ruthless acts of aggression against blacks. They set fires, wounded, lynched and murdered blacks. Many Jim Crow Laws were enacted in the years between 1900 and 1920. Up until 1900, the only Jim Crow Law on the books in most Southern states was the law segregating first class railroad cars. This law was expanded to include street cars, steamboats and second class railroad cars. In Southern states , signs were erected that read â€Å"Whites Only† and â€Å"Colored Only†. These signs were at the entrances and exits to public buildings, theaters, boarding houses, toilets, drinking fountains, waiting rooms and ticket windows. The South Carolina Code of 1915 prohibited textile factories from permitting laborers of different races to work in the same room, or use the same entrance, pay windows, exits, doors, lavatories, drinking water, pails, cups or glasses. There was Jim Crow Unionism which excluded blacks from jobs. State institutions, such as hospitals, had segregation laws. Only negro nurses were allowed to care for negro patients. Prisons were also segregated, as were homes for the aged, the indigent and the blind. Blacks were prohibited from public parks by the Separate Park Laws of Georgia, 1905. In Louisiana,a law was passed in 1914 segregating blacks and whites at circus and tent shows. In Birmingham, Alabama a law was passed decreeing that the races must be distinctly separated and must be at least twenty five feet apart from one another in any room, hall, theater, picture house, auditorium, yard, crowd, ballpark or any other outdoor place. In 1910, five patterns of residential segregation had emerged in the South. The first was in Baltimore, Maryland. It designated all white and all negro blocks. This pattern was copied in Atlanta, Georgia. The second pattern of residential segregation was in the Chesapeake Bay area cities of Roanoke and Portsmouth, Virginia. The city council was authorized to divide territories into segregated districts and to prohibit either race from living in the other’s district. A third pattern emerged in Richmond, Virginia. Blocks throughout the city were designated black or white, according to the majority of residents. Persons were forbidden to live in any block where residents are occupied by those with whom the person is forbidden to intermarry. The fourth pattern, in Norfolk, Virginia applied to both mixed and unmixed blocks. It fixed the color status by ownership as well as occupancy. The fifth pattern of residential segregation emerged in New Orleans, Louisiana. The law required persons of either race to secure consent of the majority of persons living in an area before establishing residence there. In 1917, these patterns of residential segregation were declared unlawful by the Supreme Court. The most successful attempt to circumvent the Court’s decision was the policy of Restrictive Covenant which was a private contract limiting the sale of property in an area to purchasers of the favored race. The most prevalent and widespread segregation was the consequence of the blacks’ economic status. This was the black ghetto, or slum in every Southern city. Smaller towns excluded black residents completely by making it known that their presence would not be tolerated. On the other hand, thirty towns in the South were inhabited exclusively by blacks. Other Jim Crow Laws regulating a variety of negro activities were enacted during this period in history. In 1909 in Mobile, Alabama, a curfew law required blacks to be off the streets by 10 p. m. In 1915, the Oklahoma State Legislature required the telephone company to maintain separate booths for blacks and whites. In North Carolina and Florida, public schools were required to keep the textbooks of one race separate from those used by the other. Florida specified separation even while school books were in storage. South Carolina segregated schools into a third caste, with separate schools for mulatto children. In Atlanta, Georgia Jim Crow bibles were provided for negro witnesses in court. There were also Jim Crow elevators for negroes in buildings. The prevalent belief in our country at this time, during this Redemption, was that segregation was inflexible and innate. It was also believed that legislation could not change mores. The Jim Crow Laws of this period didn’t assign blacks a fixed status. They were aggressive and destructive laws that pushed the negro further down. With World War 1, the blacks had new hope for a restoration of their rights. Many blacks joined the armed forces. Many blacks moved North where high wages were being paid in the war industry. The blacks’ participation in the war for democracy raised the demand for mor democracy for them on the home front. However, the post-War Era saw the racial policies of the South imitated in the North. White laborers did not like competition from blacks. They excluded blacks from unions and pushed blacks from the more desirable jobs in industry, federal employment and crafts. In the gid-1920’s the membership of the Ku Klux Klan reached five million. In the 1920’s and the 1930’s, more Jim Crow Laws were passed. In 1926 in Atlanta, Georgia, a law was passed that forbade barbers to serve women or children under age fourteen. At that time, All barbers were black. Four states, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama and Georgia had laws requiring Jim Crow taxis. White passengers were only driven by white taxi drivers. Black passengers were only to be driven by black taxi drivers. In 1944, the Virginia Legislature passed a law requiring separate waiting rooms and other facilities at airports. In 1932, a law was passed in Atlanta, Georgia prohibiting amateur baseball clubs of different races from playing within two blocks of each other. In 1933, Texas prohibited blacks and whites from boxing with each other. In 1937, the state of Arkansas segregated race tracks and gaming establishments. In 1935, Oklahoma segregated both races while fishing and boating. In 1930, a law in Birmingham, Alabama made it unlawful for black and whites to play together or keep company with one another. In the 1930’s, racial tensions lessened. A new liberal administration was making a sincere attempt to improve the lot of blacks and whites. In the early 1940’s, the North was exerting pressure on the South to abolish segregation. The Supreme Court became a leader in reversing the trends of segregation that it had endorsed during the First Reconstruction. The most monumental Supreme Court decision of this century in civil rights was Brown v. Board of Education. It reversed a constitutional trend that began in the late 1800’s. It marked the beginning of the end of Jim Crow. Presently, blacks are enjoying equal civil rights under the law. All kinds of segregation and discrimination have been declared unconstitutional. The underlying prejudices and subtle racism are slower to die. It is these prejudices that make it difficult for true integration to occur presently in our society. How to cite Desegragation of Schools, Papers

Humanities Communication

Question: Write an in-depth journal on Business Communication. Critically, analyse and apply relevant journal articles and texts to your journal. Answer Introduction Communication models and theories have been subject to a wide body of researches. Communication, both verbal and non-verbal, can be explored and analyzed on multiple layers. Quite often, certain verbal and non-verbal messages are conveyed to suppress or conceal contradictory psychological inclinations and mindsets (Eunson, 2011). The origin of these conflicts between the conveyed messages and the actual mindsets can be explored through effective communication models and theories. Some of the more effective communication models are designed on the basis of psychological inclinations of individuals (Spector, Merrill, Elen Bishop, 2013). In this case, an individual, who lacks proper skills of communicating in English language, opted to stay silent even when he realized that the person, with whom he was speaking over phone, has mispronounced his name. The actual psychology behind this attitude has been analyzed through appropriate communication models and theories. Case analysis 1 Message flow analysis The case represents some distinct symptoms of lapses in the overall communication process. Certain biases and preexisting mindsets are quite evident on the part of the receiver of the conveyed messages. However, there are certain elements that have induced the receiver to react in a certain way. The reactions and other symptoms are quite typical of a communication occurring between two parties, belonging to different cultures (Dwyer, 2012). The foreigner, in this case, is unaware and unsure about the colloquial communication structure and patterns. As a result, certain communication gaps are quite prominent while interacting over the phone. The pattern of communication, in this case, can be explained, to an extent, with the help of the following basic model: Information source- In this case, the person who called to update the contact details can be considered as the originator or the source of the information. Transmitter (Encoder) This part of the communication process is often considered as one of the most important stages (Beck, Bennett, Wall,2013). Quite often, the intended message gets affected by certain characteristics that are specific to the originator. In this case, the agent who called for certain details must have used specific accents, tones and sentences that are part of the professional etiquettes while interacting with the customers. Thus, the entire texture of the agents communication has been formal and professional. Channel- The medium through which a message is delivered is termed as the channel. The intended meaning of a message may get affected significantly, due to the quality of the channel used during communication (Baldwin, Coleman, Gonzlez, Shenoy-Packer, 2013). In this case, the channel plays a vital part. The channel in this case is the phone. The recipient of the message was not proficient in speaking or listening to English. Moreover, while interacting over the phone, some other noises were audible, that further distorted the message. Receiver (Decoder) - The ability of the recipient to interpret the conveyed message is considered as another important aspect of the entire process of communication. Specific characteristics of the recipient come into play, while decoding the conveyed message (Cobley, Schulz, 2013). In this case, the recipient had certain preconceived notions and mindsets which ultimately affected his interpretation of the entire situation. Destination- Ideally communication is viewed as a two way process. However, in this case, the communication pattern mostly turned out to be unidirectional in nature. 2 Factors affecting communication The communication model gives a basic idea about the entire pattern of interaction that has been stated in the case. However, there were certain key factors that shaped up the dynamics between the two parties and the overall conversation. Berlos model may be used to demonstrate and analyze the different factors that affected the communication process. Communication skills- The initiator of the message is a professional and well versed with communicating in fluent and professional English. However, the recipient of the message, on the other hand, does not have a strong background of either speaking or writing fluent English. Thus, there was a discrepancy in the basic communication skills of the two parties, as far as English language is concerned. Attitude- The agent displayed a strictly formal attitude, while interacting. However, the recipient on the other hand, was unsure about his own skills of listening and interpretation of the messages. Moreover, the formal attitude displayed by the agent further discouraged the recipient to ask to repeat when he was unable to comprehend certain parts of the message. Knowledge- There was clear discrepancies in the levels of proficiency in English language of the recipient and the conveyer of the message. This, quite naturally, contributed to the communication gap between the two parties involved (Jensen, 2013). Certain qualities of the messages conveyed, contribute to the direction and flow of communication. Structure- The message conveyed by the originator had a formal texture. Thus, the recipient, who was unsure about his own listening skills, felt even more uncomfortable because of the formal tones and attitudes displayed by the originator. Code- The message was conveyed in fluent English, which is not the native language of the recipient. This acted as a significant obstacle in the process of interpretation of the message. The channel in this case has further limited the scopes of proper communication. The recipient could only depend on his listening skills while interpreting the messages (Mills Barlow, 2014). There were clear symptoms of post-editing in the behavioral pattern of the recipient during the entire communication process. The recipient chose not to correct the caller on certain points. This is because of the fact that the recipient perceived that it would be indecency on his part, if he asks the caller to repeat certain parts of the questions. Thus, he chose to ignore certain facts as that would have exposed his lack of proficiency in English. Thus, the interpretation was affected by the recipients tendency to post-edit the messages according to his own convenience. This can also be considered as a prominent symptom of cognitive dissonance (Fiske, 2010). Assertiveness and active listening could have compensated for the disparities in various aspects, between the two parties involve Conclusion Quite clearly, the preexisting mindset of the foreigner shaped up the pattern and flow of the communication initially. However, interaction over the phone has further distorted the flow of message from the originator to the receiver in this case. The technology, in this case, has further hindered the decoding of the intended message due to some surrounding noises, while interacting over phone. Moreover, the recipient of the message has consciously tried to divert the topic when he realized that the person at the other end has made some mistakes while collecting the personal data, thus displaying signs of repression or cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, the significant disparity of the attitude, knowledge and communication skills deepened the communication gap. References Books Eunson, B 2011, Communicating in the 21st Century, 2nd, John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd, Milton QLD Spector, Michae, Merrill, M. David, Elen, Jan Bishop, M. J 2013, Handbook of Research on Educational Communication and Technology, Springer Science Business Media, USA. Dwyer, Judith 2012, Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills, Pearson Higher Education, USA. Beck, Andrew, Bennett, Peter Wall, Peter2013, Communication Studies: The Essential Resource, Routledge, UK. Baldwin, John R, Coleman, Robin R. Means, Gonzlez, Alberto Shenoy-Packer, Suchitra 2013,Intercultural Communication of Everyday Life, John Wiley Sons,USA. Cobley, Paul Schulz, Peter J 2013, Theories and Models of Communication, Walter de Gruyter, Germany. Jensen, Klaus Bruhn 2013, A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Research, Routledge, UK. Mills, Brett Barlow, David M 2014, Reading Media Theory: Thinkers, Approaches and Contexts, Routledge, UK. Fiske, John 2010, Introduction to Communication Studies, Routledge, UK.

Pinciples of Bisuness and Administration free essay sample

You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 8 pages and is made up of 7 Sections. Name: Jason Wright Section 1 – Know the employment rights and responsibilities of the employee and employer 1. Identify four main points that would be included in a contract of employment. If possible, use an example contract to support your answer (feel free to obscure any confidential information). There are many points that should be included in an employment contract. We will write a custom essay sample on Pinciples of Bisuness and Administration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Four main points that must be included are: 1. Employers name 2. Employee’s name 3. Date the employment is to commence 4. Address that the main employment will take place. An example of a Contract of Employment is attached. 2a) List three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business environment 1. Health and Safety. 2. Pay and Pensions 3. Employment Rights and Responsibilities. 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. 1. Health and Safety. 2. Employment Rights and Responsibilities. 3. Data Protection. 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. There are several sources where a person can find information on Employment Rights and Responsibilities. These can be through both internal and external sources. Internal Sources would include Trade union representatives, line managers, staff association representatives and informed colleagues. External sources may include Citizen Advice Bureau (CAB), legal professionals, libraries, Advisory, conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC). 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees A good example of how a representative body can support an employee is through an internal source such as a trade union. These often large organisations represent the interests of their members and can offer assistance through work based representatives. They also have regional and expertise that they can call on. Union representatives have a right to paid time to help employee’s in such areas as Health and Safety, pensions, collective redundancies and collective bargaining to name a few. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. Employers have the legal obligation to treat all employees equally, for example, if a male and a female employee are carrying out the same duties within a company then the law states that there should be no discrimination between the two and both parties must be treated equally, pay must be the same and both given the same amount of benefits. This ruling can also be applied to diversity laws. If an employee is from a different ethnic or religious background then the employer must adopt the same posture as before and not discriminate against the employee just because they could be perceived as different from the norm. Every employee has a personal responsibility for their actions and must ensure that they are sensitive to others around them. Employees must remember that all people are different whether that is a difference in their gender or their religious background. Every employee should ensure they treat others how they would be expected to be treated themselves. 6. Briefly explain the benefits of making sure equality and diversity procedures are followed in a business environment. Your answer should include one benefit for the employer, one benefit for the employee and one benefit for the overall organisation. The benefits to an organisation in making sure they follow equality and diversity procedures will mean that the company is falling in line with the Laws of the nation, and ensure that the company will be free from claims against the company. For the employee the benefits would mean a better working environment where each employee understands the differences of those working around them, this in turn will benefit the employer as a happier working environment will produce a happier and more productive workforce. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of health, safety and security procedures in a business environment 1. Identify employer and employee responsibilities for health, safety and security. If possible, provide relevant health, safety and security policies / documents from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. The employer holds overall responsibility for implementing all Health, Safety (Health and Safety at Work Act 1974) and security (Data Protection Act 1998, Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988) legislation and guidelines within the workplace. It is the employer’s responsibility to provide a safe clean working environment for all its employees to work in. Employee’s have the responsibility to follow company guidelines with regards to the laid down legislation. By taking ownership of their own responsibilities they can help promote the health, safety and security of not only themselves but also their colleagues. Carrying out their own risk assessment of tasks and managing the associated risks appropriately. 2. Explain the purpose of following health, safety and security procedures in a business environment. By following laid down health, safety and security procedures in a business environment will help maintain a safe and secure workplace. This will help minimise the risk of accidents and injuries to themselves and others and reducing the risk of losing possible sensitive or personal information. 3. Describe three different ways of maintaining a safe and secure business environment. Three ways of maintaining a safe and secure business environment can be achieves by the following methods: 1. Ensuring that employees use and wear the correct Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when carrying out task that may require it, making sure that the PPE being used is correctly fitted and is fit for the task being carried out. 2. If working in an environment where food is being handled employers must ensure that employees are fully conversant with hygiene procedures and that they are being implemented correctly. 3. When working with IT equipment employees are to ensure that security guidelines are being adhered to i. e. passwords are kept secure and that Security Operating Procedures (SyOPs) are being followed correctly. Section 3 – Understand how to communicate effectively with others 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of different methods of communication. You should include two verbal, two non-verbal and two written methods of communication. Methods of communication Description Verbal communication 1. Person to Person or face to face, this is where two people with engage in conversation with each other and pass information. 2. Telephone conversations, this is where two or more people converse through the medium of telephone communications, similar to face to face apart from you cannot see the person you are talking to. Non-verbal communication 1. Body Language can be used to express emotions and feelings without the use of language. For example facial expressions can tell a person a lot about how another is feeling i. e. if someone is smiling then this normally indicates they are happy 2. Tone of voice, tone of voice along with body language can also determine the way a person is feeling. If someone is shouting they are either conveying a warning or trying to attract attention to themselves or they may be angry. Written communication 1. Email, emails are an electronic method of communicating via computer. It is a sterile way of communicating as you do not get to interact with the sender of the information. 2. Written reports, written reports and are normally completed on paper very similar to email and you will not interact with the author. 2. Using two specific examples, explain how to choose the most appropriate method of communication to meet your needs and the needs of others. When communicating with others consideration should be given to understanding what the other person wants to know and what they need to know. You must try to understand how they would prefer the information to be delivered i. e. verbal communication or written communication. People are different and have different preferences in the way they receive information. 3. Describe at least two ways of actively listening. Two ways of actively listening is to engage with the person you are listening to, look at the speaker and focus on what is being said. Do not interrupt them whilst they are speaking, instead write notes for questions you may have regarding points you feel you may need to clarify. Section 4 – Understand how to work with and support colleagues 1. Explain the purpose of agreeing standards for your own work. Give at least two reasons. By agreeing standards of your own with line managers or supervisors prior to work that is undertaken allows each party to understand what the required standards are and what needs to be achieved and that no ambiguity exists. There are many standards that work can be judged by that are used in the business environment, for example Quality Assurance standards, behavioural standards and wastage standards. If both parties have a good understanding of these standards then work will be produced to a higher quality and without errors. 2. Explain the purpose of taking on new challenges and being able to adapt to change at work. By taking on new challenges it allows us to grow as individuals and avoids becoming stagnated in what we do. Taking on new things helps us push ourselves and gives us the opportunity to try new things. Being able to adapt to change at work can demonstrate to your employer that you are flexible and willing to embrace new things. This can only have a positive effect on you as an individual as your employer will be more likely to trust you with new task and ultimately responsibilities which could result in promotion. 3. Explain the purpose of treating others with honesty and consideration. Treating others with honesty and consideration will earn you peoples trust and respect. If people trust you they are more than likely going to be happier to work with you; and be more honest and open with you with regards to work issues. If others trust you they will share information with you because they will feel you don’t have an agenda and feel like they are part of the team. If you have good team work in the workplace then it will be a happier place to work and in turn become more efficient. Section 5 – Know how to plan own work and be accountable to others 1. Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when completing tasks in a business environment. Meeting work standards and deadlines will ensure any work carried out will be to the correct specifications and delivered on time. By constantly hitting deadlines to the correct standards will enhance confidence and reduce possible supervision. It will help to improve the employer employee working relationship because the employer will have more trust in the employee’s abilities and help build teamwork. 2. Describe two different methods that you can use to plan your own work in a business environment. One way you can plan your work is by using a â€Å"things to do† or check off list, these can be a very useful and effective planning tool. By noting down and crossing off different milestones as they’re met can aid in the successful progression of tasks. Another way is having an open or shared diary. This can be used by different personnel to plan different task at different times, and will allow others to see what deadlines they may have to work too. 3. Describe ways of keeping other people informed about progress and compare their effectiveness. What are the benefits and drawbacks of each approach? There a several ways that a business can keep others informed of progress below are some examples: 1. Meetings are a good way of getting all those involved in a project together to discuss how things are progressing, the down sides to this can be, key players not being able to attend and possibly taking a large amount of people away from their place of work all at the same time. 2. Written reports are also a good way of communicating progress to others as the information contained within has less chance of being misinterpreted. Possible drawbacks could be the length of time it takes to prepare the document and unless a comprehensive distribution list is drawn up then some employees could be missed. Section 6 – Understand the purpose of improving own performance in a business environment and how to do so 1. Explain the purpose of continuously improving your performance in a business environment. By continuously improving your performance you are pushing yourself to produce better quality work and ensuring that organisational standards are met, possibly even exceeded. This can be beneficial to the employee and employer equally, if your employer sees that you are striving to be the best you can be you are more likely to stand out from your colleagues when it comes to promotion, in turn if you are producing your best work this can only benefit the business on a whole. 2. Describe at least two ways of improving your performance at work. Where relevant, illustrate your answer with specific examples from your own experience. 1. Attending training courses – by attending training courses I have been able to learn new skills and help my team perform to a better standard. 2. Learning from others – on job training can be a valuable tool when improving your performance. By shadowing a work colleague I was able to quickly learn basic skills from an experienced member of the business which allowed me to start functioning faster than if I had to wait for a training course. 3. Appraisals – By attending regular appraisal individuals can get constructive feedback on performance whether that is good or bad. Areas of weakness can be identified and appropriate remedial plans put in place to address those issues. 3. Briefly describe at least two different types of career pathways that may be available to you. There are several career paths one could take in the business administration sector, possible careers could be as a secretary, administration manager, personal assistant or a team leader. Section 7 – Understand the types of problems that may occur in a business environment and how to deal with them 1. Identify at least two different types of problems that can occur in a business environment. Two types of problems that can occur are as follows: 1. Staff shortages – The business may suffer as a consequence of a key player in a project being absent through illness or holiday. 2. Deadlines – deadlines may not be met due to staff shortages or lack of resources or unrealistic timescales being implemented. 2. Complete the table below by describing at least two specific problems that can occur at work and how they can be dealt with. Problem Dealing with the problem 1. Staff Shortage Having a robust plan in place where a colleague is able to provide cover for the missing employee. Longer term advanced planning could see temporary staff employed to cover for longer periods of absence i. e. maternity leave. 2. Missing deadlines By redeploying members of staff to help reach approaching deadlines. Re-evaluating organisational procedures and standards, setting realistic and achievable deadlines. 3. Complete the table below by listing at least two problems you are able to deal with yourself and two problems you would need to refer to others to deal with (and how you would refer these problems). Problems I can deal with: Problems I would need to refer to others: How are problems referred to others? 1. Simple equipment issues i. e. replacing paper in printers or ink cartridges. 1. Complex equipment issues. Terminal not turning on or booting up. Report it by the appropriate means to the relevant department. 2. Minor changes in organisational procedures. 2. Major changes to organisational procedures. I would refer this issue to my supervisor or line manager. Clarification may need to be sort on major changes to procedures so employees are fully aware of the changes. Unit two: Principles of providing administrative services Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number. Please note that this Assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 9 Sections. Name: Jason Wright Section 1 – Understand how to make and receive telephone calls 1. Complete the table below with descriptions of at least two different features of a telephone system and how / when they would be used. Feature How / when used 1. Answerphone Normally accessed by pressing the number 1. It enables you to access messages left by others for you. 2. Conference call This enables you to speak to more than one person at the same time. 2. Prepare a brief report advising people on: How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). When making a call the caller must remember to be polite and introduce themselves to the person who answers. Remember you are representing the company and that first impressions count. You should always try to portray the company in the best possible light and should always act in a professional manner. When receiving a call the person answering must: Attempt to answer the call as soon as possible before it rings off (this call could be the most important of the day) Answer with good morning/afternoon The name of the company Your name And how you may be of assistance If the person they have called for is not there be sure to take the name of the caller their number and any message they may wish to leave. Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail 1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). Receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages is an essential part of any successful business. To run an efficient business a good system for the sorting of incoming and outgoing mail must be employed. If mail is not sorted and distributed correctly throughout the workplace then things can get delayed or worst case, missing. If this happens it can have a detrimental effect on the business and could ultimately end up in the loss of orders or customers. 2. Complete the table below with the following information: At least two examples of internal mail services that are available to organisations At least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations Internal mail services External mail services 1. Organisation staff 1. Royal Mail 2. Organisation staff in vans 2. DHL 3. Describe two methods that you can use to calculate postage charges for mail and / or packages. You can calculate the postage charge for items either by weight of the size of the item that needs to be posted and how quickly you want it to get there. The bigger the item the more it will cost, the quicker you want it to get to its destination the higher the price. Section 3 – Understand how to use different types of office equipment 1. Describe the main types of equipment found in offices and how they are used. Include examples of at least three different types of office equipment. Printer – used to transfer electronic information and pictures from computers (soft copies) and usually printed onto paper (hard copies) Photocopier – used to produce multiple copies of documents as it cheaper and faster than printing using a laser printer. Scanner – reverse process to a printer. Hard copies are scanned and the image is usually transferred to a computer and turned into soft copy. 2. Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment. By following the manufacturers’ guidelines you will guarantee that the equipment is being used correctly and to its full potential. This will also ensure that manufacturers’ warranties are maintained; and the equipment performs to the standards that it is designed to do. It will also prolong the life of the equipment and ensure a valuable resource is always available for use. 3. Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean, hygienic and ready for the next user. More often than not office equipment will be shared amongst a number of colleagues. This could range from phones through to such things as headsets. By keeping the items clean will minimise the risk of infection and the spread of germs to othersr0. If equipment is looked after and kept clean it will function better for longer. You should leave equipment in the state that you would want to find it. Section 4 – Understand how to keep waste to a minimum in a business environment 1. Explain why waste should be kept to a minimum in a business environment. Waste should be kept to a minimum because it can have a long-term affect on the business. Businesses can spend a large amount of time and money to dispose of excessive waste and may promote a wasteful culture in employees. Most businesses will seek to keep waste to a minimum as this constitutes good business practice. 2. Identify at least two main causes of waste in a business environment. Not correctly checking a document properly before it is mass produced is one form of waste as all the resources involved will have been used with no end product. Delivering food items too early may result in food going cold and delivering to late may result in the consumer making other arrangements and no longer requiring the food, thus leaving the business with unwanted food products. 3. How can you keep waste to a minimum in a business environment? Describe at least two ways of doing this. Taking the time to read through documents before it is massed produced for errors will help to eradicate any errors that maybe contained within. Delivering food items when required and to the standard expected and not too early or too late will ensure the consumer is happy. Section 5 – Know how to make arrangements for meetings 1. Complete the table below listing at least two different types of meetings and describing the main features of each type of meeting. Type of meeting Main features Information Exchange The main feature is disseminating information to an audience. Can range from an informal meeting to a large conference. Problem solving Used to brainstorm and solve problems. Can be face to face, informal, spur of the moment or regular meetings. Decision Making Meetings where decisions are made. Can range from AGMs, board meetings, regular meetings to spur of the moment meetings. 2. When arranging a meeting: What sources and types of information are typically needed? How should meetings be arranged? When arranging a meeting consideration should be given to the following: Size of venue for the amount of people attending. Will there be anyone there that may have special requirements and access to venue. Suitable amount of chairs and tables for attendees to use. Will there be a need for resources i. e. Projectors, pens, pads, Internet connectivity etc. Will refreshments be required if the meeting is scheduled to be long When arranging a meeting the following points should be followed: 1. Find out about and confirm the meeting brief. 2. Confirm the venue, equipment and catering requirements. 3. Produce the agenda and meeting papers. 4. Invite attendees and send them the agenda. 5. Confirm attendance. 6. Make sure attendees’ needs are met. 7. Make amends to correct any needs for requirements, such as catering. 8. Collate and dispatch papers for the meeting within agreed timescales. 9. Produce spare copies of meeting papers. 10. Arrange the equipment and layout of the room. Section 6 – Understand procedures for organising travel and accommodation arrangements 1. Explain the purpose of confirming instructions and requirements for business travel and accommodation. Confirming instructions will ensure that things run smoothly and all requirements are put in place before a journey is undertaken. 2. Complete the table below with an outline of the main types of business travel and accommodation arrangements that may need to be made and the procedures that should be followed when doing this. Travel and accommodation arrangements Procedures Hire car Book Hire car with hire car company. Ensure hire company knows where to drop off/pick up if appropriate. Taxi Make sure the taxi is booked, ensure they are sure of pick up times, and pick up address and destination. Plane Make sure the ticket is booked and the appropriate level of class is booked. Consideration should be made for travel arrangements to and from airport. Hotel Make sure that a hotel is booked and is adequate for the needs of the individual. Location of hotel should be checked to ensure it suitable. 3. Explain the purpose of keeping records of travel / accommodation arrangements in a business environment. Good record keeping is essential for a business to run efficiently and remain organised. Keep records on financial outlay will help a business to remain in Budget. It will allow them to assess the effectiveness of companies that they use for travel by being able to compare cost and service. Section 7 – Understand diary management procedures 1. Briefly explain the purpose of using a diary system to plan activities at work. Give at least two reasons. Using a diary serves as a good way to keep information all in one place. It is an excellent organisational tool for keeping track of such things as meetings, training days and holidays for example. By using a shared diary others within the organisation can see what an individual ahs planned in the near and distant future. It allows others to book meetings and book holidays and days off. 2. Identify the information needed to maintain a diary system in the workplace. Information is key to keeping a successful diary, if a diary is not populated with useful, valid and up to date information then it will fail. Key information that should be included for instance: Who: Who is the meeting with? What: What is the meeting about? When: When is the meeting? Where: Where is the meeting? Why: Why are you having the meeting? Section 8 – Understand the purpose of delivering effective customer service and how to do so 1. What are the differences between internal and external customers in a business environment? The difference between external and internal customers is thus; external customers are other businesses or organisations that your business will supply or their company works for yours or supplies you. Internal customers are ones that you supply and work for the same employer. 2. Explain why customer service should meet or exceed customer expectations. Include at least three reasons in your answer. Customer service should be meet or exceeded as the customer is the most important part of a business, without customers businesses will fail. Giving good customer service and customer satisfaction will help ensure: Repeat business Customer loyalty Recommendations to others Good publicity Sense of trust Greater job security. Business growth 3. Explain the importance of building positive relationships with customers. Outline two ways in which this can be achieved. It is important to build customer relationships as this will help build trust between the customer and the business. If you have a good relationship with a customer then they are more likely to choose your business over a company that provide the same service. This can be achieved by going that extra mile in your customer service and making the customer feel that they are special to you and you value their custom. By personalising your professional relationship with them, finding out their first name and using it where you think appropriate. Little touches can mean a lot to customers and if you make them feel special then they will want to keep coming back. 4. How do customers demonstrate their own needs and expectations? There are several ways that customers can be encouraged to give feedback on a company’s performance these can come in the form of focus groups, customer feedback forms, verbal feedback and customer complaints. Section 9 – Understand the purpose of reception services and how to follow reception procedures 1. What is the purpose of the receptionist role as the first point of contact in a business environment? The purpose of the receptionist is to be the first point of contact. They are there to Welcome visitors Give an appropriate greeting Handle enquiries Provide relevant information about the organisation Keep a tidy and well organised reception area Keep accurate visitor records Monitor access into and out of the building by visitors Liaise with other departments Handle any visitor problems professionally Do any related administrative duties. 2. Describe how a receptionist can present a positive image of themselves and the organisation and explain why this is important. The role of the receptionist in a business is vitally important. They are often the first person a new customer will see and engage with. If a receptionist acts in a professional manner then it will then it will reflect well on the business as a whole. If a receptionist is well dressed, politely spoken and efficient in the handling of customers then this will give a positive and professional outlook. 3. In relation to your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with), explain what must be done when carrying out entry, departure, security and confidentiality procedures in a reception area. When entering a building the reception area must be placed so each individual entering the building must go through the reception area. Visitors must be signed in and out of the building and asked who they wish to see. This acts not only as a record of who has entered the building but also serves a record of who has visited. If there is a secure area of the building they are required to visit then they may need to be escorted, the receptionist can call a member of the appropriate department to come and act as an escort. The receptionist can also brief any visitors on any health and safety issues or security guidelines that need to be adhered too. Unit three: Principles of managing information and producing documents Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for refer

Frances Economy essays

Frances Economy essays A country may describe itself as having a market, command, or traditional economy when really they have a mix of all three. France is a good example of a country with all three of these economic systems. The government controls a lot of things about the economy. Many people also control parts of the economy. French people are also traditional in some of the ways that they run the economy. The French government has a major influence in the economy in France. The government retains considerable influence over key segments of the economy including the majority of the ownership of railways, electricity, aircraft, telecommunication firms, public transportation and the defense industry. This makes the French government like a command economic system where the government owns all the companies. The government also encourages economic equity by not cutting unemployment and retirement benefits which impose a heavy tax burden. This would disproportionately benefit the rich and the leaders of France are dedicated to maintain equity. This makes the government seem even more like a command system since under a command system everyone gets paid about the same amount of money and no one can get economically ahead of others. This also resembles a command economic system. However, the French government is also a lot like a market economic system. The government has been decreasing its control over a lot of sectors they once owned since the 1990s. The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Telecom, in Air France, and in the insurance and, banking. There is also private ownership of business. this resembles a market economy where there is private ownership of all the business. There is also a high unemployment rate because in market economies there is uncertainty to who does which jobs. This shows the market side of Frances economy. France also has its part of a traditional economi ...

The Luck of Roaring Camp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Luck of Roaring Camp - Essay Example (Harte, 1886, p. 1) The story is set in the 1850’s where a band of men living in the foothills of the Sierra Hills were brought together by one common goal of mining gold in the region. However, when the town’s prostitute, Cherokee Sal, died giving birth to a baby boy, all the men in the camp were shaken for birth was an uncommon occurrence in the region. They were all fascinated by the baby and this marked the start of a beautiful metamorphosis, where the men at the camp not only assumed responsibility for the infant but began to make radical changes in their appearance and lifestyle to provide a comfortable home to the boy, who was later christened as Thomas Luck by the townsfolk. This was one time, when the townspeople got their act together and took care of Luck in the best possible way. They wanted to give him â€Å"the best that money could buy† and strangely enough, the infant was loved and nurtured by this uncultured band of men (Harte, 1886, p. 3). The most profound instance of budding paternal affection is depicted, when the new born Luck holds on to Old Kentuck’s finger that thoroughly embarrasses the man, but he is unable to hide the deep surge of emotion and joy that flushes over him and he relates that event to every man in the camp. The men then find ways to bond with each other and even decide to welcome visitors in this otherwise secluded, notorious town. All the men in the camp began taking extra care of their hygiene and there was a marked fall in the number of profanities that spewed out of every mouth. They were truly trying to be the best father figures for young Luck and despite the fact that fate had a different plan for the Townspeople but it sheds great light on human nature on how they can turn from wild men to protective, responsible adults as soon as an infant made its entry into their lives. Kentuck dies saving the

Chinese income Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chinese income - Article Example China used to have many hundreds of millions of people below the poverty line who could not support themselves, so finding manual labor jobs can be a lifeline for these types of people. The United States also gets something out of the deal in that it consumers get to purchase goods at lower costs than if those goods were made in America. Trade between China and America is currently strong because each party can gain something out of the deal. If the conditions of trade change, such as an increase in Chinese wages, then this will negatively affect international trade because American firms will not make as much profit. It is likely that these firms will look for other countries that have relatively low wages, such as Bangladesh, Vietnam, and the Philippines, because their profits margins will stay the same. At the end of the day, trade revolves around benefits, usually in the form of profits. If these benefits are reduced, then international trade will decrease because only one party will be gaining from the

A Metacognitive Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

A Metacognitive Exercise - Essay Example Reflecting on the modules and the readings, is that language and literacy learning is both overwhelming and, surprisingly, well-researched. Overwhelming because the depth of research is staggering, from the selection of reading texts to a child’s stages of cognitive development, to the variables affecting interpretation and meaning. This initial sense of being overwhelmed, however, later gives way to a sense of security as the readings come together to form a more comprehensive whole. To be sure, there are theoretical disagreements. There are areas in need of additional research. That said, there really is a sufficient groundwork, in both theoretical and practical terms, with which to plan meaningful literacy lessons and programmes. The text emphasised the significant effects of word choice in the narrative text. The choice of words such as "reared" and "crushed" and the use of punctuation such as "Thud!" truly affected the mood and the feeling conveyed by the text. As a menta l exercise, I arbitrarily changed some of the words in order to see how the meaning might be altered; the results were quite significant. In sum, from the point of view of a student or a writer, I find the concepts of metalanguage and social purposes of text very helpful both in terms of understanding a text and in terms of creating a text. Though seemingly intuitive, these concepts add very much to the understanding of language, linguistic features, and meaning. To this regard I have the initiative to improve myself by answering the following activities: Activity: Describe the genre used by the seven-year-old child in the following text. List the features in terms of use of verbs, general and specific participants and descriptive words and statements. What understandings of the convention of written language does she demonstrate "I was going Dawn cabell terast on my Big Bieck. It was a Stiep Hill and my brakes pat up when I was haf the wai dan the hill and I broacd my coliaBone and I had to to go to the hosPtall to get a slliea on it. Its getting beta, ten I can ride I't a gain" Answer Using what I have learned from Green and Campbell, I recognized the genre of the text as a narrative. It tells the story of a seven year old boy in a sequential manner- precisely how Green and Campbell defined narratives. It also uses past tense form of verbs and makes use of the linking verb "and" to denote what happened next. It can also be recognized that the text is full of grammatical errors such as spelling and punctuation. However, it can be seen that the child is able to use the basic Subject - Object construction with the verb in between. The text displays the " how you pronounce it is how you spell and write it" system. Entry 2: Being particularly interested in writing, I found the work by

Climate Change in the Holocene period

Climate Change in the Holocene period Wai Kai Choi Executive Summary This assignment is about is the climate change in Holocene period the most important cause of the development of agriculture and I will discuss others area as well like people and plants. The three areas I have chosen to discuss is East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and America. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinals  and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated  species created food surpluses  that nurtured the development of civilization. Contents (Jump to) Agriculture Species Climate Change East Asia Sub-Saharan Africa America Conclusion Bibliography Agriculture For a large food production through leaving of hunting and gathering because the animal is killed, which cannot reproduce and for agriculture it will continue to produce by nature. People have been forced to agriculture because they think it is more labour intensive than hunting and gathering, and they had no alternative. It has been developed because of people desire by wanting special status foods, which is what the social need and want to generate our lives by competition with other that normal will produce power by having desire for new statuses and new things. Figure 1: The origins and spread of agriculture (Scarre, D. 2013, p189) The demographic theory suggested that people need to adopt agriculture follow by the end of the ice age and the rise in world population. Agriculture did not start during the Pleistocene because the cold, glacial climate was not favourable to it. Agriculture was impossible in the Pleistocene ice age because the climate was extremely cold and dry, containing higher levels of carbon dioxide, and varied greatly sometimes in periods of a decade or less. (Scarre, D. 2013, p186) Species Figure 2: Summary of the numbers of megafaunal genera (Perspectives in (human) ecology, 2007) The Holocene death includes the disappearance of megafauna, which is the end of the Ice Age that, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago. This may have been due to the loss of the mammoth  that had maintained grasslands  that became birch forests without the mammoths. The new forest and the resulting forest fires may have induced climate change. Such disappearances might be the result of the proliferation  of modern humans  which led to climate change. Climate Change The world is getting warmer by the temperatures has risen upon an average 2 to 5 oC and the Arctic sea ice is getting less, which will cause a rise in sea level. Holocene Climatic Optimum is describing the earlier southern warm period, which is between 8,000 to 10,500 years ago that was immediately following the end of the last ice age. (Scarre, D. 2013, p177) Figure 3: Temperature changes (Brahea Axel,2013) The key reason on agriculture developed is the relationship between human and the environment which is suggested by Oasis theory. The climate became warmer, causing vegetation to increase and shift from one type to another. People adapted to this by changing the foods they ate and altering their lifestyle. Many people began to domesticate plants and animals at this time, both as a direct and indirect response to climate change, thus the origin of agriculture. (Scarre, D. 2013, p186) End of Ice Age the climate changes, which the human response is established to save Antarctica by every land of the globe for agriculture that the human societies increasingly prolific and new forms of social and economic activity developed. East Asia In 8,000 years ago, Northern China has been the domestication centre for foxtail millet and broomcorn millet, these are the species that they have produced and in 7,500 years ago these species is widely cultivated in the Yellow River basin. Later on in Southern China rice was domesticated and in Northern China 5,000 years ago, they domesticated soybean, then around 2,500 BC orange and peach has originated in China. The climate change has an impact in China, which created higher rainfall and warm temperate forest belts. (Wikipedia, 2014) The vegetation experienced different changes over the Holocene in various sub-regions. Near the boundary between modern forest and temperate steppe in Northeast China, forest showed clear expansion in the middle Holocene. In central China near the boundary between forest and desert, vegetation showed various patterns at different sites. Further west of the Tibetan Plateau near the boundary between highland meadow and desert, forest expanded at most sites during the early and middle Holocene. Our synthesis indicates that the climate in the marginal region was slightly moist in the early Holocene, wettest in the middle Holocene, and dry in the late Holocene, though there are regional differences as reflected by vegetation change. This general pattern is very different from either monsoon- or westerly-dominated regions. The maximum moisture occurred during the early Holocene in the monsoon region, while the arid central Asia dominated by the westerlies was dry in the early Holocene and wettest in the mid-Holocene. The interplay of the Asian summer monsoon, westerlies, topography and regional vegetation factors might have contributed to this spatial complexity. It is hard for people to stop hunting and gathering to change it to agriculture because there are forms of wild and animal to be domesticated. This intensive gather together of a very limited number of species just by hunting and gathering. â€Å"This transition from gazelle hunting to sheep and goat herding, where it seems that gazelle never were brought into the domesticated category and that when domesticated animals come into use it’s actually replaced by sheep and goat.† (Watkins, T, 2014). Sub-Saharan Africa There are three areas, which are independently developing agriculture is Ethiopian highlands, Sahei and West Africa. In Ethiopian highlands the most famous domesticated is coffee out of all the other domesticated that are khat, ensete, noog, teff and finger millet. For Sahel domesticated are sorghum and pearl millet. The first domesticated in West Africa is kola nut, which has become an ingredient in Coca Cola and the other domesticated is oil palm, African rice and yams. (Wikipedia, 2014) In Africa agriculture have been they cultivated for millennia came after their domestication elsewhere. The re-domesticated in Africa 5,000 years ago in a place called Papua New Guinea they have domesticated taro and Asian yams. African Humid Period is a wetter period of time due to a strengthening of the African monsoon by changes in summer radiation, which is between 16,000 and 6,000 years ago. In Green Sahara during this period, it has produced numerous of lakes by the rainfall of nature that have contain the wild animal of crocodiles and hippopotamus fauna, this is caused by climate change, it has an effect on the species of agriculture and animal. South Africas southern coastal margin is recognised as being a highly dynamic climatic region that plays a critical role in both regional and global atmospheric and oceanic circulation dynamics. Our understanding of the past dynamics of this system, however, has been limited by the number and nature of datasets available that can be used to infer changes in key climatic parameters in the region. Combined, a negative relationship is apparent between temperature and humidity in this area of the southern Cape, and these changes can for the first time be clearly linked to variations in Antarctic sea-ice extent and shifts in the southern westerly storm track. This dynamic is a reduction in sea-ice extent and a southward shift of the westerlies are manifested regionally by increased temperatures and a phase of marked aridity. America In early 8,000 to 6,000 BC in Mesoamerica has domesticated is corn, beans and squash, but the beans came later on in 4,000 BC, also South America has domesticated potatoes and manioc. Around 2,500 BC they have grown sunflower, sumpweed and goosefoot in America. People in this regional most of them relied on hunting and gathering for millennia, which farming life have not been developed until the second millennium BC. (Wikipedia, 2014) The first peak of the warmth in North Amercia from 11,000 to 9,000 years ago when the Laurentide ice sheet is still chilled, then 4,000 years later it has experienced warming, which the temperature suddenly rises and the ice sheet slowly melt. Three other factors must be added to this is complex solar cycles, Earths orbital variations, it also called Milankovitch cycles, which occur over intervals of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, and different rates of change and climatic conditions depending on location. The retreat of the continental glaciers of the Wisconsinan stage began in central North America around 10,000 years ago, but it did not occur in northern Canada and Alaska until nearly 6000 years ago. The retreat has yet to occur in Greenland. Sea level rise from the melting of the glaciers affected coastal areas globally, so much so that in the late 1800s, some scientists believed that this sea level rise should be the defining characteristic of the Holocene. Conclusion For this report question I agree with it that I think the development of agriculture is the beginning Holocene period the climate change, which has an affect the globe by the temperature have been rise that have caused the ice sheet slowly melt, which will cause the sea level rise and it has produced warmer and wetter weather. This is a great time for develops agriculture because to grow food from the ground, it need water, which is the rain and sun, which make the earth warmer. It is the most important cause of agriculture to production more different types of food and the large species is disappearing by the climate change, this mean animal is dying by an animal not produce enough to keep a life in this period and condition of the environment is not suitable for them. Bibliography Axel, B., 2013. Mini Ice Age?. [Online] Available at: http://www.palmtalk.org/forum/index.php?/topic/39737-mini-ice-age/page-7 [Accessed 04 12 2014]. human-macroecology blogspot, 2007. Perspectives In (Human) Ecology. [Online] Available at: http://human-macroecology.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/background-how-humans-alter.html [Accessed 01 12 2014]. Perkins, P., Scarre, C. Watkins, T., 2014. Track 2. [Sound Recording] (The Open Univeristy). Scarre, C., 2013. Chapter 5 The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires. In: C. Scarre, ed. The human past. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp. 177-199. Watkins, T., 2014. Track 2. [Sound Recording] (The Open University). Wikipedia, 2014. Neolithic Revolution. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution [Accessed 01 12 2014]. Scarre, C., 2013. Chapter 5 The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires. In: C. Scarre, ed. The human past. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp.189. Scarre, C., 2013. Chapter 5 The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires. In: C. Scarre, ed. The human past. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp. 177. Scarre, C., 2013. Chapter 5 The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires. In: C. Scarre, ed. The human past. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, pp. 186.

Chance in Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers

Chance in Philosophy Boethius' â€Å"The Consolation of Philosophy† demonstrates many thoughts and ideas that Boethius had while he was imprisoned at Ravenna. Boethius wrote of his â€Å"conversations† with lady Philosophy, who came to help cure him during his sentence. Throughout the book, she explained (or reminded) Boethius of many things such as the nature of power and the nature of fame. Many things that she explains in the beginning of the book can be summed together with the thought that God governs everything. God, though not the afterlife, is a very important theme in â€Å"The Consolation of Philosophy†. One part of this theme that I have looked at is whether God orders the world totally, or there is chance in our lives. Boethius explained, "Whenever something is done for some purpose, and for certain reasons something other than what was intended happens, it is called chance." (p. __) So is it that there is no chance in life, or do we truly have free will? I beli eve that there is a concept of chance in our lives, and even though God may know what is going to happen to us, that does not necessarily mean that he made the choice for us. "For example, if someone began to dig the ground in order to cultivate a field and found a cache of buried gold... Neither the man who buried the gold, nor the man who was tilling the field intended the discovery of the money, but, as I said, it happens as a result of the coincidence that the one began to dig where the other had buri... Chance in Philosophy Essay -- essays research papers Chance in Philosophy Boethius' â€Å"The Consolation of Philosophy† demonstrates many thoughts and ideas that Boethius had while he was imprisoned at Ravenna. Boethius wrote of his â€Å"conversations† with lady Philosophy, who came to help cure him during his sentence. Throughout the book, she explained (or reminded) Boethius of many things such as the nature of power and the nature of fame. Many things that she explains in the beginning of the book can be summed together with the thought that God governs everything. God, though not the afterlife, is a very important theme in â€Å"The Consolation of Philosophy†. One part of this theme that I have looked at is whether God orders the world totally, or there is chance in our lives. Boethius explained, "Whenever something is done for some purpose, and for certain reasons something other than what was intended happens, it is called chance." (p. __) So is it that there is no chance in life, or do we truly have free will? I beli eve that there is a concept of chance in our lives, and even though God may know what is going to happen to us, that does not necessarily mean that he made the choice for us. "For example, if someone began to dig the ground in order to cultivate a field and found a cache of buried gold... Neither the man who buried the gold, nor the man who was tilling the field intended the discovery of the money, but, as I said, it happens as a result of the coincidence that the one began to dig where the other had buri...

Economics 247 Assignment 2 Version A Essay

Economics 247 Assignment 2 Version A This assignment has a maximum total of 100 marks and is worth 10% of your total grade for this course. You should complete it after completing your course work for Units 6 through 10. Answer each question clearly and concisely. 1. In perfect competition, one result of the model was that there were no economic profits in the long run. In a monopoly, the firm typically earns a positive economic profit. Why is there this difference? The lack of barriers to entry will allow competitors to enter the market unil economic profit is zero. These firms are price takers, and they cannot affect prices because their demand curve is horizontal.(4 marks) 2. Assume that a single firm in a pure competitive industry has a fixed cost of $6500 and variable costs as indicated in the table below. a. Calculate the TC, AFC, AVC, ATC, and MC columns for this firm. (5 marks) Total Output TVC TC AFC AVC ATC MC 00 0 600 70,000 1000 76000 1400 81000 1800 87000 2200 90000 2600 93000 2800 96000 3000 100000 3100 110000 b. Explain the concepts of economies and diseconomies of scale, and describe the underlying reasons why both occur. (4 marks) 3. At its current level of production, a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market receives $12.50 for each unit it produces, and it faces an average total cost of $10. At the market price of $12.50 per unit, the firm’s marginal cost curve crosses the marginal revenue curve at an output level of 1000 units. What is the firm’s current profit? What is likely to occur in this market and why?(4 marks) P=12.5 TR=P*Q = 12.5 * 1’000 = 12’500 TC=ATC*Q = 10 * 1’000 = 10’000 Profit=TR-TC = 12’500 – 10’000 = +2’500 Profit is positive, but for perfectly competitive markets there will be no profits at all in the long-run, so in this markets new firms will enter  market attracted by profits thus increasing market supply and reducing equilibrium price till it reaches close to P=$10, consequently leading to zero economic profits in long-run. For lower price this firm will be pressed to reduce output a bit for new P=MR=MC equilibrium. 4. a.Why would a firm in a perfectly competitive market always choose to set its price equal to the current market price? If a firm set its price below the current market price, what effect would this have on the market? (4 marks) The assumptions of perfect competition that matter here are that in perfect competition 1 every firm is so small compared to the market so as to have no effect on market price 2 everyone is aware of everybody’s price. Now if you set a price lower than the market, you are only cutting your nose to spite your face since you would sell as much as a higher price. (Remember, how much you produce is determined by your MC and the output level you produce at is the minimum MC). Cutting the price to sell more also costs more to produce; you are worse off. If you set a price higher than market, noone will buy from you. Explain how a firm in a competitive market identifies the profit-maximizing level of production. When should the firm raise production, and when should the firm lower production? In a perfectly competitive market, all firms are assumed to be very small compared to the market. Now the price is set at the market level, and as a small firm you take it as given; you couldn’t sell at a higher price since nobody would buy from you. Now in the long run, you should be at the minimum point of your cost curve, ensuring you make just normal profits. The price is your MR and at the minimum point of your AC curve your MC cuts it: MC=MR and AC=AR. If the market price is higher than this, new entrants will sniff the opportunity created by super normal profits and the market supply curve shifts right/up, reducing price until there are no more super ormal profits  to be earned. If market price is lower, then firms are making losses, some exit and supply curve shifts left driving price up. In equilibrium, each firm is producing at the minmum point of the AC, where MC=MR=P. Hence the firm temporarily raises production when P>min AC and makes supernormal profits until new entrants drive price back down; or lowers production temporarily when P