Occular Visit in Barangay San Miguel Essay Example for Free

Occular Visit in Barangay San Miguel Essay I noticed that there are plenty of different shops in the area. It is a good aspect having plenty of shops because that means that the people will never run out of choices just in case they need to buy their needs. There are plenty of shops, that is why I noticed plenty of people too. Another positive aspect about the barangay is that I noticed plenty of uniformed men and women roaming the area. They are obviously the† kagawads† or â€Å"tanods† in the barangay. They are doing their job in monitoring the people’s business so that they can respond to their needs. We later went inside the Barangay Hall. I felt secure inside the place because I noticed the guards taking a good lookout of the area. But when we went inside, the barangay captain was unfortunately not there. So the other officials were the ones who took care of our agenda with them. The first thing that I did not like about the barangay is the litter scattered around the streets. I also did not like the environment because there are plenty of suspicious looking individuals around that made me feel uncomfortable. After our agenda with the barangay officials, we learned that we could use the basketball court beside the barangay hall for our desired community service. We went to the court to take a look at it. I noticed plenty of children playing. So I thought that we should make a get together party for the children in the area. For me, it is a good idea because the children will get to make friends with their fellow youth in the area. Maybe because of the get together activity, they will get united as they grow up to be adults. And of course, when they grow close with each other, their children will also get close. I would liketo see a united community of friends, that is why I propose that kind of activity for the children.

Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis

Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis CHAPTER-14: INTRODUCTION TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION In a data set of bivariate distribution, there present a set of pairs of observations where each pair of the observations is expressed with numerical values of two variables. Telling alternatively, the bivariate distribution is intended in finding or analyzing relationship between two variables under study. In any scientific studies, the basic interest of the researchers is to find out the possible co-movement of two or more than variables under study. In the process of co-movement determination, there exist two important statistical tools popularly called as correlation analysis and regression analysis. Correlation analysis simply, is a measure of association between two or more variables under study. Where as regression analysis examine the nature or direction of association between two variables. Regression analysis is analyzed by classifying the variables in two classes like the dependent variables and the independent variables. Thus it tries to estimate the average value of one variable (dependent variable) from the given value of the other variable(s) (i.e., independent variables). Where as, the condition of correlation analysis is exactly the contrast of the regression analysis. In such a case the basic focus of the researcher is on measurement of the strength of relationship between the variables. In other wards the correlation analysis measures the depth of relationship between two variables where as the regression analysis measures the width of the relationship between the variables. Again in regression analysis, the dependent variables are considered as random or stochastic and the independent variable(s) are assumed to be fixed or non-random. But in the correlation analysis all the variables are treated as symmentric and hence are considered as random. INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSIS The magnitude of association or relationship between the two variables can be measured by calculating correlation. Correlation analysis can be defined as a quantative measure of strength of relationship that exists between two variables. There are four types of relationship that may exists between two variables. They are: Positive correlation Negative correlation Linear correlation and Non-linear correlation. 1. Positive correlation: Two variables are said to be positively correlated when the movement of the one variable lead to the movement of the other variable in the same direction. In other wards there exists direct relationship between the two variables. For example, the relationship between height of the human being to their corresponding weight, income of the person with expenditure, price of the commodities and supply of the commodity etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable leads to the increase (or decrease) in the value of corresponding other variable. The nature of positive relationship between the two variables can also be shown graphically. If the data are inserted in two axis of a graph paper, then one will find an upward trend rising from the lower left hand corner of the graph paper and spreading upward upto the upper right hand corner. One can imagine the supply curve as explained in the economic theory. 2. Negative correlation: On the other hand, correlation between two variables is said to be negative when the movement of one variable leads to the movement in the other variable in the opposite direction. Here there exists inverse relationship between the two variables. For example, volume and pressure of perfect gas, income and expenditure on food items (Engels law), change in price and quantity demanded of necessary goods () etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable causes corresponding decrease (or increase) in the value of other variable. In case of negative correlation between two variables, one will find downward trend from the upper left hand corner of the graph paper to towards x-axis. One can imagine the demand curve as explained in the economic theory. 3. Linear correlation: The correlation between two variables is said to be linear where the points when drawn is a graph represents a straight line. Considering two variables X andY, a straight line equation can be as where ___ are represented in real numbers. By using the above formula, with the constant values of ___ and different values of X and Y when plotted in a graph sheet, one will get a straight line. The linear relationship between two varoibales can be interpreted as the change in one unit of one variable (let X) results in the corresponding change in the other variable (let Y) in a fixed proportion. Thus when the above values of X and Y are represented in graph one will get a straight line. This type of relationship between two variables where a unit change in one variable (X here), the other variable (Y) will change in a constant proportion. However such relations are rarely exists in case of management and social disciplines. 4. Non-linear correlation: A relationship between two variables is said to be non-linear if a unit change in one variable causes the other variable to change in fluctuations. In other wards, if X is changed then corresponding values of Y will not change in the same proportion. Hence when data of X and Y when plotted in a graph paper one will not get a straight line rather a polynomial. The equation of getting such relationship is There can be also instances where there does not exist any relationship between two variables i.e., no correlation can be found between two variables. Such relationship is called as no correlation. For instance, one wants to compare the growth of population in India with that of road accidents in United States. Such types of relations dont exist logically. Hence correlation between such relations is said to be nil. METHODS OF MEASURING CORRELATION: Correlation between two variables can be measured by following ways. The Graphical method (through Scatter Diagram) Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation 1. The Graphical Method: The correlation can be graphically shown by using scatter diagrams. Scatter diagrams reveals two important useful information. Firstly, through this diagram, one can observe the patterns between two variables which indicate whether there exists some association between the variables or not. Secondly, if an association between the variables is found, then it can be easily identified regarding the nature of relationship between the two (whether two variables are linearly related or non-linearly related). 2. Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation Karl Persons coefficient of correlation (developed in 1986) measures linear relationship between two variables under study. Since the relationship is expressed is linear, hence, two variables change in a fixed proportion. This measure provides the answer of the degree of relationship in real number, independent of the units in which the variables have been expressed, and also indicates the direction of the correlation. It is known that ____ as an absolute value for determining correlation between two variables. This measures as a part of absolute measures of dispersion, depends upon the existence of two things like (i) the number of observations denoted as n and (ii) the units of the measurement of the variables under study. The above relationship is explained by assuming that there is a data set which consists of two variables X and Y i.e., in terms of relationship it is denoted as (Xi , Yi) where I = 1, 2, 3,..,n. Assumed mean method: The assumed mean method for calculation of coefficient of correlation can be used when the data size is large and it will be difficult on the part of the researcher to calculate the mean of the series by using the direct method. In such case, a value from the series is assumed as mean and the deviations are calculated from the actual data to that of the assumed mean i.e., if, X and Y are two series of observation than are the deviation values of variable X and Y respectively. That is, , where, L and K are the assumed mean of series X and Y respectively. The formula for calculating Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation. The above methods derived to calculate the coefficient of correlation cannot be used to calculate the correlation between the two variables when the series of observations are in grouped forms i.e., with frequency distribution. In such a case, the formula for calculating Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation is: Assumptions of coefficient of correlation: The Karl Persons coefficient of correlation can be best derived with some assumptions. Following are some assumptions on which the validity of the coefficient resides. 1. The value of the coefficient of correlation lies between -1 (minus one) to +1 (plus one). When two values considered in a study are no way related with each other, then one can take for granted that the value of the coefficient of correlation is zero (0). On the other hand, if there exists relationship between two variables, it implies that all points on the scatter diagram fall on the straight line, then the value of correlation coefficient (rXY) is either extend upto +1 or -1, of course depending on the nature of direction of the straight line. It will be positive when the slope of the line is positive and it will be negative when the slope of the line is negative. Telling alternatively, if both the variables X and Y are related directly with each other than the value of the coefficient of correlation will be definitely positive. On the other hand, if there exist inverse relationship between the two values then the value of the coefficient will be negative. 2. The value of the coefficient of correlation is independent of the change of origin and change of scale of measurement. To prove this assumption, we have change the origin and scale of both the variables. When there will be change in origin and scale of the two values X and Y, the new equation will be where A and B used in the above formulas are constraints and measures change in origin and constraints p and l used in the formulas denotes change in scale. Simplifying the above equations reveals that. RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: In research, no one can predict the nature of data. The information that is collected from the respondents may be expressed in numbers or may be in qualitative way or quite often they may be expressed in form of ranks. The greatest disadvantage of the Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation is that, it best works when the data is expressed in numbers. On the other hand, Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation, as discussed above, best works when the nature of the data is quantitative or expressed in numbers. Generally, when the nature of data is expressed in qualitative form like honest, good, best, average, excellent, efficiency, etc., and/or the data is expressed only in ranks, one has to apply the Spearmans method of rank differences for finding out the degree of correlation. There are three different situations of applying the Spearmans rank correlation coefficient. When ranks of both the variables are given When ranks of both the variables are not given and When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal Each case derived above can be estimated by using separate formulas. a. When ranks of both the variables are given This is the simplest type of calculating correlation between two series. Here is the case where ranks of both the series are given and no two observations in a series are awarded same rank. The formula is where RXY denotes coefficient of rank correlation between two series of observations X and Y d is the difference between the two ranks and n is the number of observations in the series While calculating RXY, one has to arrange the given observations in a sequence. Then the difference in ranks i.e., d is to be calculated. The result shows a positive correlation between the judgments revealed by both the judges. However, since the value is not so close towards 1, hence, it can be said that there exists moderate relationship between the ranks assigned by both he judges. b. When ranks of both the variables are not given There may be certain situations where the rank of the both the series are not given. In such cases, each observation in the series is to be ranked first. The selection of highest value depends on the researcher. In other wards, either the highest value or the lowest value will be ranked 1 (one) depends upon the decision of the researcher. After the ranking of the variables, then d and d2 are calculated and the above formula can be applied. Following example will make the concept clear. The result shows a positive degree of correlation between the grade point average and total marks obtained by the students. c. When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal In empirical analysis, there is possibility of assigning same ranks to two or more observations. On the other hand, while ranking observations, there may be some situations where more than one observations are assigned equal ranks. Here, the ranks to be assigned to each observation are an average of the ranks which these observations would have got, if they differed from each other. For example, if two observations are ranked equal at 6th place. If we would rank separately to both these observations, than one will get 6 and the other will get 7. Thus the rank of both the observations will be (6+7)/2= 13/2= 6.5. Now the new ranks of the series who assigned 6 each will be 6.5 each. Similarly, there may be possibility that more than two observations of a series may be ranked equal. Here also the same technique of averaging as derived above is applied to get the new ranks of the observations. The formula for calculating the rank coefficient of correlation in case of equal ranks case is a little bit different form the formula already derived above. It is where d difference between ranks of two series and mi (i= 1, 2, 3, ..) denotes the number of observations in which the ranks are repeated in a series of observations. The example derived below will make the concept clearer. Interpretation of results of rank coefficient correlation: If the value of rank correlation coefficient RXY is greater than 1 (RXY >1), this implies that one set of data series is positively and directly related with the ranks with the other set of data series. In other wards, both the set of observations are directly related. Hence, a observation in one series definitely scores almost same rank in the other series. Where as, f the result of rank coefficient of correlation (RXY) is found to be less than zero (RXY On the other condition, let that the value of rank correlation coefficient will be exactly +1 i.e., (RXY = +1). Then it can be said that, there exists exactly perfect correlation between the two series of observations. Here each observation in both the series get exactly equal ranks. Where as, if rank correlation is -1 (RXY = -1), implies there exists exactly negative correlation between the ranks of two series. The possibility in such cases is such that, a observation which gets highest rank in one series is getting lowest rank in the other series. The last possibility is that of rank coefficient correlation is 0 i.e., (RXY = 0), implies that there do not exist any relation between ranks of both the series of observations. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS: When it is estimated by using the methods of correlation that two variables (or data series) are correlated with other and it is also tested that expression of such relationship between the considered variables are theoretical permissible, then the next step in the process of analysis is of predicting and/or estimating the value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. This task, in econometrics literature is called as regression analyses. Literary, the word regression means a backward movement. In general sense, regression means the estimation and/or prediction of the unknown value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. Hence, it is a study of the dependence of one variable on other variable(s). Prediction or estimation of the relationship between two or more variables is one of the major discussion areas in all most all the branches of knowledge where human activity is involved. Regression, as one of the most important econometric tools is extensively used in all most all branches of knowledge like may be in natural sciences, in social sciences and also in physical sciences. But by virtue of the vary nature of most of the branches of social sciences (like economics, commerce, etc.) and business environment, the basic concern in these disciplines is to establish an econometric (or statistical) relationship between the variables rather than getting an exact mathematical relationship (core analysis tool used in natural sciences). For this reason, if, one could able to establish some kind of relationship between two variables (where one variable is considered as dependent variable and other variable(s) are considered as independent variables), then it can be expected that half of the existing purpose is almost solved. The credit for the development of this technique at first lies with Sir Francis Galton in the year 1877. Galton used this word for the first time in his study where he had estimated the relationship between heights of fathers and sons. This study ended with a conclusion that there is more possibility of having tall fathers with tall sons and vive versa. Again it also observed that, the mean height of sons of tall fathers was lower than the mean height of their fathers and the mean height of sons of short fathers was higher than the mean height of their fathers. This study was published by Galton through his research paper Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. Regression as a tool: Econometricians use regression analysis to make quantitative estimates of various theoretical relationships exists in the literature of social sciences and management, which previously have been completely theoretical in nature. For example, the famous demand theory of economics says that the quantity demanded of a product will increase when there is reduction in the price of the commodity and vice versa, of course with an assumption that the impact of other things being constant. Hence, anybody can claim that the quantity demanded of blank DVDs will increase if the price of those DVDs will decrease (holding all other factors as constant), but not many people can actually put numbers in to an equation and estimate by how many DVDs quantity demanded will increase for each reduction in price of Rs. 1/-. To predict the direction of the change, one needs knowledge of economic theory and the general characteristics of the product in question (as the derived example is related to one of th e economic theory). However, to predict the amount of the change, along with the data set, one needs a way to estimate the relationship. The most frequently used method to estimate such a relationship in econometrics is regression analysis. As already discussed above, regression analysis describes the dependence of one variable on another or more variables. It is now important to classify the terms dependent and independent variables that are the core of analysis of regression. Dependent Variables and Independent Variables Regression analysis, is a statistical technique that attempts to explain movements in one variable, the dependent variable, as a function of movements in a set of other variables, called the independent (or explanatory) variables, through the quantification of a single equation. To make this concept clearer, let us start our discussion by considering a simple example of generalized demand function of economic theory. The equation (1) derives a functional relationship between six factors (as in the right hand side of the equation) with one variable (as in the left hand side of the equation). In other wards, theoretically, quantity demanded (Qd) of a good or service depends on the six factors like the price of the good itself, money income of the consumer, prices of related goods, expected future price of the product itself, taste pattern of the consumers and the numbers of consumers in the market. In equation (1), quantity demanded is the dependent variable and the other six variables are independent variables. Much of economics and business is concerned with cause-and-effect propositions: If the price of a good increases by one unit, then the quantity demanded decreases on average by a certain amount, depending on the price elasticity of demand (defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded that is caused by a one percent change in price). Propositions such as these pose an if-then, or causal, relationship that logically postulates a dependent variable (Qd in our example) having movements that are causally determined by movements in a number of specified independent variables (six factors discussed above). The Linear Regression Model: In the regression model, Y is always represented for dependent variable and X is always represented for the independent variable. Here are three equivalent ways to mathematically describe a linear regression model. The simplest single-equation linear regression model can be written as: The above equation states that Y, the dependent variable, is a single-equation linear function of variable X, the independent variable. The model is a single-equation model because no equation for X as a function of Y (or any other variable) has been specified. The model is linear because it expresses the relationship of a straight line and if plotted on graph paper, it would be a straight line rather than a curve. The constants expressed in the equation are the coefficients (or parameters) that determine the coordinates of the straight line at any point. in the equation is the constant or intercept term; it indicates the value of Y when X equals zero. Thus it is the point on the y-axis where the regression line would intercept the y-axis. Where as, in the equation is the slope coefficient, and it indicates the amount that Y will change when X changes by one unit. Figure 1.1 illustrates the relationship between the coefficients and the graphical meaning of the regression equation. As can be seen from the diagram, equation 1.3 is indeed linear. The slope, , shows the response of Y to change in X. Since being able to explain and predict changes in the dependent variable is the essential reason for quantifying behavioral relationships, most of the emphasis in regression analysis is on slope coefficients such as . In figure 1.1 for example, if X were to increase from X1 to X2, the value of Y in Equation 1.3 would increase from Y1 to Y2. for linear ( i.e., straight-line ) regression models, the response in the predicted value of Y due to a change in X is constant and equal to the slope coefficient: We must distinguish between an equation that is linear in the variables and one that is linear in the coefficients (or parameters. This distinction is necessary because while linear regressions need to be linear in the coefficients, they do not necessarily need to be linear in the variables. An equation is linear in the variables if plotting the fuction in terms of X and Y genereates a straight line. An equation is linear in the coefficients (or parameters) only if the coefficients (the ) appear in their simplest from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not raised to any powers (other than one), are not multiplied or dived by other coefficients, and do not themselves include some sort of function (like logs or exponents). For example, Equation 1.3 is linear in the coefficients, but equation 1.5: Is not linear in the coefficients and Equation 1.5 is not linear because there is no rearrangement of the equation that will make it linear in the of original interest, and . In fact, of all possible equations for a single explanatory variable, only functions of the general from: are linear in the coefficients and .In essence, any sort of configuration of the Xs and Ys can be used and the equation will continue to be linear in the coefficients. However, even a slight change in the configuration of the will cause the equation to become nonlinear in the coefficients. For example, equation 1.4 is not linear in the variables but is linear in the coefficients. The reason that Equation 1.4 is linear in the coefficients is that if you define f(X) = X2, Equation 1.4 fits into the general form of Equation 1.6. All this is important because if linear regression techniques are going to be applied to an equation, that equation must be linear in the coefficients. Linear regression analysis can be applied to an equation that is nonlinear in the variables if the equation can econometricians use the phrase linear regression, they usually mean regression that use the phrase linear regression, they usually mean regression that is linear in the coefficients. The application of regression techniques to equations that are nonlinear in the coefficients will be discussed in section7.6.

Mission And Key Objectives Of Fonterra Marketing Essay

Mission And Key Objectives Of Fonterra Marketing Essay Is a provider of nearly all essential nutrients for people. It is the richest dietary source of calcium and also contributes many other essential nutrients including protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and zinc. At Fonterra, dairy is our passion its who we are and what we do best. With over 100 years of New Zealand expertise in developing nutritious dairy products, Fonterra Brands is dedicated to discovering new ways to deliver the unique health and wellness benefits of dairy (Source: www.dairyintakes.com). Tip Top ice cream has a big demand in the market, it is currently drenched with a variety of products and TIP TOP is in the market with practically no local brand awareness. To detain market share, TIP TOP must create plus cultivate a physically powerful product image. This statement fact the best routes to attain this. At the outset, to appeal to Auckland market, the company should display a more modern label and tub than what presently exists. An study of the present competition for TIP TOP is presented that focuses on three of the most accepted ice creams sold in Auckland today. Using SWOT analysis, the particular strengths and weaknesses of TIP TOP into the light of this contest are examined. Key pressure and key opportunities are recognized, for instance, there is tough dispute for TIP TOP but its unique taste and quality well for success definitely a significant market opportunity for attractively priced ice cream (Source: www.tiptop.co.nz) particular recommendations for action pursue that highlight the need for a strong product icon, well-defined positioning approach and slogans, affordability pricing, and select supply locations. captivating into account that TIP TOP is a high quality product targeted at the fashionable market segment consisting of equally kids and teenagers and adults school students and a wide range of advertising strategies is then obtainable. INTRODUCTION Fonterra is the worlds primary exporter of dairy products and liable for more than a third of worldwide dairy trade. Fonterras dairy farmers have extensive been identified for producing excellence ice cream and other dairy products in todays market. New Zealand is a global chief in large-scale milk procurement and dealing out. Fonterras global supply chain stretches from farms all over New Zealand to customers and consumers in more than 140 countries. Fonterras vision is to be the natural source of dairy nutrition for all young and old, everywhere, every day. Fonterra is a global chief in dairy nutrition the chosen merchant of dairy ingredients to many of the worlds foremost food companies. Fonterra is also a market chief with our own consumer dairy brands in Australia/New Zealand, Asia/Africa, (Source: www.fonterra.co.nz). The farmer-owned New Zealand supportive is the largest processor of milk in the planet, producing more than two million tonnes of dairy ingredients, worth added dairy ingredients, specialty ingredients and consumer goods every year. Representation on generations of dairy qualifications, Fonterra is one of the largest investors in dairy based investigate and advance in the world. Fonterras 16,000 employees work across the dairy scale from advising farmers on sustainable farming and milk production, to ensure we live up to demanding quality principles and delivering every day on our purchaser promise in more than 100 markets approximately the world. As part of our commitment to providing TIP TOP Fonterra offers dairy products that meet the different health and wellness needs of our consumers all around the world. This is based on a belief in quality products, sound science and doing whats right by their consumers. various of the marketing strategies are geared toward the prestigious market of dairy shops and local supermarkets. Internet marketing is essential today and a suggestion for implementing this such as website design plus examines methods of how to improve the quantity and quality of interchange to the website. Lastly, suitable methods to evaluate the achievement of the marketing operation are particular plus a campaign budget and a timetable that recommends dates for the choice of stages of the promotional efforts. TIP TOP determination acquires a controlling product image and a very vigorous market share in the close future (Source: www.fonterra.co.nz). MISSION AND KEY OBJECTIVES OF FONTERRA What Mother Nature creates, Fonterra enhances to carry the best of the dairys goodness to generations of consumers and patrons around the planet. Its our lifes work. The mission statement for Fonterra is: We are dedicated to upholding Fonterras standards, while maintaining the leadership position in the dairy industry when delivering advanced customer service in a significantly efficient and profitable manner, We create a culture where employees share best practices dedicated to coaching and developing our organization as an employer of choice. (Sourece: www.fonterramissionstatement.co.nz). Everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission: To Refresh the Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..in body, mind, and spirit. To Inspire Moments of Optimismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..through our brands and our actions. To Create Value and Make a Differenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..everywhere we connect. The key objectives for Fonterra Company are: To stay at the head as the market leader in innovative product introductions and successful product launches. To strengthen and satisfy the needs of the more adventurous generation of consumers with a new eye-catching and functional product. To become the market leader in the dairy products segment with increased markets shares. Operational objective is to remain one of the lowest costs, sustainable dairy cooperatives in the planet. Construct trust partnerships with customers by being a multi-origin merchant, allowing us to construct more precious relationships during supply chain addition and improvement. Make Fonterra foodstuffs the primary option of patrons and consumers everywhere we do business. Fonterra aims for global dairy industry leadership. The company strives to be the lowest cost supplier of commodity dairy products, the leading price and inventory manger in the large-scale commodity market, An effective developer of dairy ingredients partnerships in preferred markets, A leading speciality milk components trendsetter and solutions provider, A leading consumer nutritional milks marketer, And to be a leading dairy marketer to foodservice in key markets. (Source: www. fonterra.co.nz). MARKETING OBJECTIVES TIP TOP have long been known for producing quality ice cream and other dairy foodstuffs and today New Zealand is a world chief in large-scale of ice cream procurement and processing. Our universal supply chain stretches from farms all over New Zealand to patrons and clients in more than 140 countries. Fonterras is made up of NZ$14.1 billion assets with annual turnover of NZ$16 billion, total ice cream production in New Zealand of 14.76 billion litres, sales volume of 2.31 million metric tonnes and 15600 employees (Source: www. fonterrafinancialstatement.co.nz). Ever since Fonterra Co-operative Group was created in 2001, we have developed into the worlds largest dairy exporter with nearly 11,000 shareholders. The company 95 per cent of our New Zealand made dairy products to our consumers and patrons in more than 140 countries. The milk tankers accumulate approximately 14 billion litres of milk every year. Fonterras marketing objectives is to: Increase the market share by 15% from $4.52 to Fonterra wants to pour another $260 million (RMB 1,250,000,000) into trebling milk manufacture at its Darfield location with a innovative dryer vying to the largest in New Zealand. Fonterra has the second dryer built by 2015 as the current $200m (RMB 1,000,000,000) site, still being constructed, it is expected to be at complete ability in subsequently. The 650-hectare (9,750mu) location 3.5 kilometres from the Canterbury city of Darfield is being extended to produce extra complete milk powder because Canterbury leads dairy increase countrywide. To increase milk production by 6per cent to 7 per cent a year in the state compared among 3per cent to 4 per cent countrywide by the end of financial year 2012. Increase unit sales by 10% from $8.75 per kg MS to $7.00per kg MS by the mid of the financial year 2013. Thus increase the total sales volume by 15% from 2.49 million metric tonnes to 2.69 million metric tonnes. Increase milk production in New Zealand by 15% from 15.75 billion litres to 15.85 billion litres by the mid of the financial year 2013. To increase net profit after tax range from 2012 financial year is currently forecast to be in the range of $400-$440 million, equating to 70-80 cents per share. The updated forecast Payout range for this year combines an unchanged forecast Milk Price of $8.00 per kg MS and a forecast Distributable Profit range of $280-$330 million, equating to 50-60 cents per share 20 cents higher than the previous forecast in February 2012. The target range for the dividend (to be paid out of Distributable Profit) is unchanged at 25-30 cents per share. (Source: www.fonterrafinancialstatement.co.nz MARKETING STRATEGIES Marketing strategies is made up of 7ps and they are product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence. PRICE The price of an item is clearly and important determinant of the value of sales made. A companies pricing policy will vary according to the market shares and fluctuation of the circumstances. Given that Pricing is one of the most important element of the marketing mix, as it is the simply the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organization. value must maintain elements of the mix. Pricing is complicated and must reflect supply and demand correlation. The price is $4.99 per 2litre tub of TIP TOP booysens berry ripple gives a competitive edge and will facilitate penetration for its targeted market segment. Penetration pricing is the price charged for the product will be officially set low in order to gain market share and once this is achieved, the price will be increased. Therefore, this case showed that setting a price high encourages the market to perceive the products as having a higher quality than lower period products of the similar type. Consumers are willing to pay more for a product that they perceive as superior. Using a similar pricing strategy, Fonterra is having the edge over TIP TOP because its price is slightly lower. PRODUCT TIP TOP boysons berry ripple ice cream provides kids and teenagers with all the goodness of milk in a convenient tub of ice cream. .TIP TOP has no artificial colours or flavours and has only 10% of fat. The best news is that ICE CREAM can offer you the same nutrients as regular milk and it will be less in sugar with the same taste of any other ice cream in the market ice cream is good for a lot of things, like on a hot day you have an ice cream it will cool you down, when kids have a sore throat they can eat TIP TOP ice cream. TIP TOP has 465kj of energy per 2 litre tub.0.9g of protein,10.1g sugar,40mg sodium and 14.2g carbohudrate,3.1g saturated and only 5.5g of fat.TIP TOP is made of cream milk, Sugar, water glucose,syrup,milk,solids non fat emulsifiers, vegetable gums coco powder, corn syrup and rising agents. PLACE The making of TIP TOP takes place at the factory in 113 CARBINE ROAD MT WELLINGTON AUCKLAND NEW ZEALAND. At the factory all different flavours of ice cream is made and stored in tubs and cones all different types. Once the production is complete then the ice creams are packed and transported to wholesalers and large retail stores around NEW ZEALAND by trucks they are also been transported to dairys and small retail stores. TIP TOP will ultimately be distributed throughout Auckland.TIP TOP is brand geared towards a advanced end market and to consumers who are increasingly becoming wellbeing conscious. They will facilitate the branding of TIP TOP as premium ice cream. This will persuade word of mouth publicity emphasizing the lasting memory of having the best ice cream NEW ZEALAND. PROMOTION Promotion is the activity, which the firm undertakes to communicate and promote products to the target market. The main objective of promotion is to: Build Awareness New goods are regularly unknown to a marketplace, which means preliminary promotional efforts must focus on establishing an identity. In this circumstances the marketer should focus on promotion to: 1) effectively reach patrons, and 2) tell the market who they are and what they include to offer. generate interest by affecting a customer from awareness of a merchandise to making a buy can present a considerable test. Provide Information promotion is intended to assist customers in the search phase of the purchasing process. The product that competes in an presented market, informational endorsement may be used to help with a invention positioning strategy. Encourages Demand The right promotion can drive patrons to make a purchase. In the case of goods that a shopper has not before purchased or has not purchased in a long time, the promotional efforts may be bound for at getting the consumer to try the product. Highlight the product Once a purchase is complete, a vendor can use promotion to assist build a physically powerful relationship that can direct to the client suitable an devoted purchaser The promotional strategies for TIP TOP consists of advertising; promotional ads and free sampling. ADVERTISING Kids do not read newspapers much or neither listen to the radio now days. As a result our main converge for mass media advertising will be billboards television and bus stands. The advertising on television will be shown during cartoon time when kids are watching TV and also at nite when its family time. The logo for TIP TOP brings families together for a hot summer to have fun and spend time. It is a desert used in most of the functions. Through outdoor advertising by having billboards all around South Auckland will be large and similar types of advertisements will be placed on the internet and other conventional sites to increase visitors to the company site as well as making money online as well. SALES PROMOTION Customer connection Management (CRM) incentives such as additional benefit points every $10.00 spent in store the customer would receive 1 point For example having 10points the consumer would receive a free 2litre tub of any tip top ice cream. There will also be a draw for a play station 3. Free samples (aka. Sampling) e.g. tasting of foodstuff and drink at sampling points in stores and on the beach on a hot day will promote people to buy more. Competitions and reward draws, in the media, magazines, on the television and broadcasting, on The Internet, and on packs. Vouchers and coupons, regularly seen in the media and magazines or on packs will enable consumers to go in competition to win huge prizes such as win travel trips. PUBLIC RELATIONS Sponsoring or hosting social events can be an additional useful way to create awareness and construct a positive image for our product. When doing an episode, there are many key advertising tactics to keep in mind. Just like every person desires some kind of dairy product to get calcium to create publicity and good relationship with the customers. TIP TOP will be contributing 1% of the net sales for every trumpet sold and 2% contributed to every 2litre tub sold towards charitable foundation in Auckland which goes towards supporting sports clubs and the disadvantaged people. Moreover, the company will be sponsoring sporting events, charitable functions and in local communities as well to increase alertness and sales. COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION The value and reputation gained by an association come from the usefulness of its inner division. The competence of a department differs on the height of facts and skills passed out by the citizens working inside it. There are numerous significant departments that an association keeps in their system. For Fonterra the departments are enumerated when the human resource section, research and development division, and the secretarial section. Nevertheless, all of the departments are not specified such significance because of the density and complexity in accepting their functions. Therefore, statement plays an important role in business as it helps in understanding the different concepts of the marketing and business world. It helps in building a plan to customise a blueprint of a specific situation (Source: www. marketingcommunications.com). The product and the prevailing market conditions will determine the optimal Marketing Communication Mix as well as identify the target spectators, the right message and media to reach them with. Human Resource Management (HRM) is the gathering within an association that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the association (source: wwww.about.com). Human Resource Management is the organizational function that deals with issues associated to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training. To have a new website for Fonterra a web designer or an IT specialist will be hired therefore,, Human Resource Department will be responsible in the recruitment process for the hiring of a web designer. Thus having a new website will enable more customers to easily access Fonterras specials and brands. Research and development is at the moment of immense importance in industry as the height of competition, manufacture processes and methods are speedily mounting. It is of particular significance in the field of advertising where companies continue to keep a watchful eye on competitors and patrons in arrange to keep rate with present trends and analyse the needs, demands and desires of their consumers. To get regular feedbacks and new thoughts about further improvements in consumer tastes and information on competitors, research and development will be consulted. A study and development section will require working very strongly with the marketing division to recognize the needs of the clientele and to test outputs of the RD sector. The purchasing department has a major function directly influencing the foremost cost of working or trade professional procedure of any business depends in the lead correct revenue of investment. The purchasing division must make certain receipt of correct resources when needed is adequate quantities to sustain production at the equivalent time, it must not increase asset beyond that mandatory to meet current needs and uphold a rational factor of securely against stock and position. Therefore, purchasing department will be consulted in order to purchase new equipment and machinery for the company. Operations will need to use sales forecasts formed by the promotion division to sketch their invention schedules. The sales division of an association is most likely one of the most vital departments in an industry. The explanation why the sales division has so much significance is since the achievement or failure of a firm depends to a great extent on its sales strength. If the sales strength of a business fails to meet its targets, this means that the entire business will run a loss for that sales sector. It is thus tremendously essential that whoever manages the sales division of a industry is a experienced, knowledgeable and proficient manager. The sales will be quarterly evaluated to see if the new marketing strategies are effective or not. Therefore, sales department will be responsible for meeting the targets and having all the reports prepared for evaluation. Sales forecasts will also be a significant fraction of the budgets created by the investment department, as well as the operation of labour for the human resources division. The marketing segment will act as a guide and lead the companys other department in developing, producing, fulfilling, and servicing products or services for their consumers. Communication is essential. The marketing subdivision typically has a better understanding of the market and consumer needs. Marketing ought to be involved, and there should by a meeting of the minds, whenever planning are held regarding new product development or any customer-related gathering of the company. For example, service technicians and customer service reps will have enormous insights into customer opinions and needs. Get every person involved and there will be a more cohesive effort. For celebrity endorsement, billboards, TV and radio ads the marketing department will be held responsible for evaluating who will be the best to represent TIP TOP brand product for Fonterra. Marketing is perhaps the most significant movement in a industry because it has a straight outcome on productivity and sales. Bigge r businesses will supply specific employees and departments for the intention of marketing. The advertising section of a industry wants to work closely with operations, investigate and development, finance and human resources to prove their plans are possible. The purpose of accounting for a business is to have record of the receipts and expenditures of its daily actions. Accounting makes it available for the businesses to assess and analyse the businesss performance. This will help Fonterra to decide what improvements they need to make, or what practices to keep doing in order to keep the company at its thriving place (Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3138769). Accounts department will be responsible for preparing budgets, payrolls and balance sheets for Fonterra. A well-prepared budget will permit the marketing department evaluate on what segment of money is allocated to their section and act within the budget. Valuable communication plays an important role in business to notify and influence behaviour. Communication channels refer to the average you use to send a message, such as the telephone or email. Effective communication requires selecting an appropriate communication channel to send your message. An effective means of communication is important in order to efficiently react to the various demands of the market. The communication channels used by Fonterra are instant messaging, email, video conferencing, and telephone and power point presentations. Instant messaging is a enormous way to communicate with both colleagues and customers. Messaging software such as Skype, MSN, Yahoo Messenger whats app etc, also provide a swift way for different subdivisions within the business to correspond in Fonterra. Instant messaging is one of the most cost effective and effortless ways to communicate, as most of the frequently used applications are free and easy to install on any present computer. In addition to text message function, many software applications have call, or even video call, functionality as well. Email allows Fonterra to communicate with multiple parties, consecutively, from and to almost anywhere in the world. Most of the employees are comfortable with the utilize of email, and will check for new messages frequently. Newsletters, sent via email, will keep Fonterras workforce up to date with the latest news broadcast, offers, or any other changes within the business. E-mail has become the primary means for delivering short text messages within organizations that are networked. As e-mail between organizations becomes more frequent, the medium will increasingly take the part of fax, particularly as whole documents can be sent as e-mail attachments. E-mail provides many cost advantages when compared with the use of paper or the telephone. Presentations are very popular technique of communication in all types of organizations, frequently involving audiovisual material, like copies of reports, or material prepared in Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe Flash and this is has become a very effective communication channel for Fonterra. Forum boards, which allow people to instantaneously post information at a centralized locality and face-to-face meetings, which are personal and have been successful by a written follow-up has been very popular communication channel for Fonterra. (Source: Importance of Communication Channels in Business/eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_6511827_importance-communication-channels-business) MARKETING MIX TACTICS PRICE The price of an item is clearly and essential determinant of the value of sales made. An organizations pricing policy will differ according to the market fluctuation and circumstances. Since Pricing is one of the most significant essentials of the advertising blend, as it is the only mix, which generates a proceeds for the association. Price must sustain these essentials of the mix. Pricing is hard and must reflect deliver and demand connection. Pricing merchandise too high or too low down could imply a loss of sales for the organization. The price of a 2litre tub of BOYSENNS BERRY RIPPLE is selling at $4.99 gives a competition edge and will facilitate penetration for its targeted market sector. Fonterra Group Limited has its own dairy farm and milk storing tanks thus fresh milk is used to make the product and due to this the cost of raw materials is a lot lesser.TIP TOP wants to be seen as high-status and of the premier quality but still attain a respectable size of the marketplace thus, A pricing tactic of being contained by the premier variety yet appealingly priced is an excellent form of access pricing. Penetration pricing is that the price charged for the product will be officially set low in order to gain market share and once this is achieved, the price will be improved. Therefore, this casing showed that a price elevated encourages the marketplace to recognize the products as having a superior excellence than lower priced foodstuffs of the same sort. Patrons are willing to pay extra for a product that they identify as superior. Using a similar pricing. Undercutting its major competition with access pricing should allow the company to gain market share. Furthermore, Fonterras striking price joint with high value of places it in a distinctive area on the consumers perceptual chart. PRODUCT TIP TOP ice cream provides kids with all the goodness in a tub. The best news is that can offer you the same nutrients as regular dairy products and it is refreshing on a hot summers day. The ingredients include: fat free milk, sugar (25% less in sugar), colour (120,160b), flavour, stabilizer and vitamin D. The purpose of TIP TOP is to help kids grown stronger. All milk naturally contains calcium. TIP TOP contains 50% more calcium than regular flavoured milk (*with 118 mg per 100ml). TIP TOP has 177 mg of calcium per 100ml and this calcium comes from calcium found naturally in milk as well as some extra added calcium. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. TIP TOP has Vitamin D added to it as it helps in the absorption of calcium. It comes in a 250ml packet that is enough for growing kids thus there wont be any wastage. TIP TOP also contains protein which is a natural component of milk. Protein is essential for growth and development. Protein also helps form of muscles. PLACE The making of TIP TOP will start right from the factory and then the ice cream will be Delivered to storing and pasteurisation and then the processed ice cream will be delivered through delivery trucks to the manufacturer and then to the wholesaler. From the wholesaler it will be delivered to retailers, supermarkets and small dairy shops around Auckland has begun to obtain product loyalty and a considerable marketplace share in Auckland, distribution channels will be opened up throughout North Island of New Zealand and later the drink will be introduced in whole of New Zealand. Therefore, the supply plan and marketing movement will aim impressive seats such as all intermediate and high schools, dairy shops, supermarkets and any social or cultural and sporting events held in and around Auckland. We diagram on choosing these locations for numerous reasons: This will promote word of mouth exposure emphasizing the long-term memory of having the finest ice cream in NEW ZEALAND at the choicest locations. High profile placement in upscale establishments which will enhance brand awareness and encourage patrons to make purchases for their beneficial future. The purpose of this circulation strategy is to: Cultivate client awareness of TIP TOP amongst definite market sector higher-end clients. generate brand loyalty to TIP TOP Acquire and expand market share of TIP TOP Encourage whole of South Auckland customers to gain experience with TIP TOP and instigate to spread the statement about what spectacular ICE CREAM TIP TOP has to offer. PROMOTION Promotion is one of the elements of marketing mix. It is the communication link between sellers and buyers for the purpose of influencing, informing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision (Wikipedia, 2011). Promotion is the activity which the firm undertakes to communicate and promote products to the target market. The main objective of promotion is to: Build Awareness New foodstuffs are regularly unknown to a market, which resources primary promotional hard work must focus on establishing a character. In these circumstances the dealer must focus promotion to: 1) efficiently reach customers, and 2) tell the market who they are and what they have to offer. Create concern by moving a patron from awareness of a produce to making a buy can present a major examination. Provide Information endorsement is designed to support customers in the exploration stage of the purchasing procedure. The product that competes in an obtainable market, informational endorsement may be used to help with a merchandise positioning approach. Encourages Demand The accurate promotion can drive clients to make a buy. In the case of foodstuffs that a purchaser has not before purchased or has not purchased in a long time, the promotional hard work may be bound for at getting the consumer to try the manufactured goods. emphasize the Brand Once a buy is made, a vendor can use endorsement to help build a well-built relationship that can lead to the purchaser becoming a dedicated patron. The promotional strategies for TIP TOP consists of advertising, sales promotion and public relations. ADVERTISING All advertising is designed to increase the demand for a firms product whether facts are used or merely smoke and mirrors Advertising is any form of paid non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services through mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television, internet and radio by an identified sponsor (Principles of Marketing:. Kids are not too much into newspapers and radio therefore our main focus for mass media advertising will be television and internet. For television advertising celebrity endorsement will be an effective way to promote.TIP TOP when consumers see one of their favourite celebrities endorsing a product they are more likely to go out and buy the product and try it for themselves. For example celebrities s

The Conception of Time in William Bucks Mahabharata Essay -- Mahabhar

The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata      Ã‚   In Hindu philosophy, there is no absolute beginning to the universe and no absolute ending. Therefore, time is not conceived of in a linear fashion as is common in western philosophy. Instead, time is seen as a wheel turning within a larger wheel, and moksha, or the release from this wheel is one of the goals of of the Hindu devotee. In William Buck's Mahabharata, time is viewed by the characters as an enemy of sorts, a personified entity which causes loss. It is the intent of this paper to show how Buck presents a cohesive treatment of the concept of time in has retelling of the Mahabharata story. I would like to explore seven elements of his story and try to explain how they are connected into a meaningful whole.    In order to set the stage, if you will, for Buck's treatment of time, I would like to start by briefly going over how time is a part of the Hindu religion. Time in Hinduism is generally conceived of as a wheel rotating through cycles of sarga (creation) and pralaya (destruction) called kappa cycles. Each kappa cycle is a life of Brahma which lasts 100 Brahmic years or 311,040,000,000,000 human years. At the beginning of each kappa the world is created as Brahma is born and at the end of each the world is destroyed as he dies. Between each kappa, a period of 100 Brahmic years passes before Brahma is born again and the next kappa cycle begins. A further aspect of the kappa cycles is that they are made up of 1000 great aeons which are themselves made up of four yugas (ages). These four ages are Saga Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga which is the present age. Buck uses none of these terms in his work, yet it is clear ... ...s paper is show the cohesion of Buck's treatment of time, which becomes most evident by viewing multiple examples side by side. This is by no means an exhaustive analysis of time in Hindu philosophy, but by considering Buck's text in the context of that philosophy as I have, it becomes clear that it is possible to make that vast amount of knowledge accessible to an audience who may expect little more than a romantic history.       Source Cited: Buck, William. Mahabharata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.    Sources Consulted: 1) Organ, Troy W. AThe Hindu Motif.@ Hinduism: Its Historical Development. Woodbury: Barron=s Educational Series, 2) Waterstone, Richard. AIndia: Concepts of Time.@ WWW page. URL http://pathfinder.com/@@xxAIUQcASaX4vvex/twep/Little_Brown/living/india/india_time1.html. 7 January 1997.    The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata Essay -- Mahabhar The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata      Ã‚   In Hindu philosophy, there is no absolute beginning to the universe and no absolute ending. Therefore, time is not conceived of in a linear fashion as is common in western philosophy. Instead, time is seen as a wheel turning within a larger wheel, and moksha, or the release from this wheel is one of the goals of of the Hindu devotee. In William Buck's Mahabharata, time is viewed by the characters as an enemy of sorts, a personified entity which causes loss. It is the intent of this paper to show how Buck presents a cohesive treatment of the concept of time in has retelling of the Mahabharata story. I would like to explore seven elements of his story and try to explain how they are connected into a meaningful whole.    In order to set the stage, if you will, for Buck's treatment of time, I would like to start by briefly going over how time is a part of the Hindu religion. Time in Hinduism is generally conceived of as a wheel rotating through cycles of sarga (creation) and pralaya (destruction) called kappa cycles. Each kappa cycle is a life of Brahma which lasts 100 Brahmic years or 311,040,000,000,000 human years. At the beginning of each kappa the world is created as Brahma is born and at the end of each the world is destroyed as he dies. Between each kappa, a period of 100 Brahmic years passes before Brahma is born again and the next kappa cycle begins. A further aspect of the kappa cycles is that they are made up of 1000 great aeons which are themselves made up of four yugas (ages). These four ages are Saga Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga which is the present age. Buck uses none of these terms in his work, yet it is clear ... ...s paper is show the cohesion of Buck's treatment of time, which becomes most evident by viewing multiple examples side by side. This is by no means an exhaustive analysis of time in Hindu philosophy, but by considering Buck's text in the context of that philosophy as I have, it becomes clear that it is possible to make that vast amount of knowledge accessible to an audience who may expect little more than a romantic history.       Source Cited: Buck, William. Mahabharata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.    Sources Consulted: 1) Organ, Troy W. AThe Hindu Motif.@ Hinduism: Its Historical Development. Woodbury: Barron=s Educational Series, 2) Waterstone, Richard. AIndia: Concepts of Time.@ WWW page. URL http://pathfinder.com/@@xxAIUQcASaX4vvex/twep/Little_Brown/living/india/india_time1.html. 7 January 1997.   

Star Wars :: Essays Papers

Star Wars Star Wars is a science fiction adventure novel. The symbolism and characterization was really excellent in the story. The story gives a great look into the future as it has many different types of things we have not yet invented; blaster rifles, space ships that go the speed of light, fat alien slugs, and beam swords. The plot of the story sucks you into the novel and makes you want to continue reading the novel. The plot of the story mainly reflects on a young boy, Luke Skywalker. Luke was raised on his Uncle's moisture farm on the planet Tatooine. He meets up with Obi-Wan Kenobi by following a droid, R2-D2, he had purchased through a small natives of Tatooine known as Jawas. R2-D2 believes he is the property of Obi-Wan and decides to search for its master. Luke is attacked by another group of natives, Tusken Raiders also known as sand people. Obi-Wan comes and saves Luke from the sand people and take him back to his home. Obi-Wan tells Luke a little about his father. He tells Luke that his father was his apprentice in learning the ways of the "Force". Obi-Wan gives Luke his father's old light saber and Obi-Wan finds something inside R2-D2. It is a message from Princess Leia. She sent the two droids, R2-D2 and C3-PO, to send this message to Obi-Wan. Luke and Obi-Wan head back to Luke's house and find a Sandcrawler, a vehicle the Jawas travel in, destroyed. Luke thinks that some Tusken Raide rs did this, but Obi-Wan points out that Imperial Storm Troopers have attacked the Jawas. Luke then finds out that his uncle and aunt are dead. He then decides to train to be a Jedi Knight. They head to a Mos Eisley, a spaceport to search for a pilot to get them to the planet Alderaan. Obi-Wan and Luke meet up with a smuggler named Han Solo and his co-pilot, Chewbacca the Wookie also known as Chewie. They make a deal for Han to take the two humans and the two droids to Alderaan. While preparing the ship Han runs into a crime lord, Jabba the Hutt. Jabba was mad at Han for dropping off his shipments and running with out paying him. Han promises Jabba he will have his money soon and a little more. As they start boarding the ship some Storm Troopers find them and started attacking.

The Purpose of Food and Beverage Cost Control

THE PURPOSE OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE COST CONTROL 1. The principal purpose of food and beverage planning and control systems is †¢ to avoid excessive costs by reducing waste and other forms of loss to a minimum, without sacrificing the quality or quantity of the food which goes to the customer. 2. An effective control procedure will serve other purposes as well: †¢ aid in developing popular menus †¢ aid in improving the quality of the product †¢ aid in pricing for profit The Flow of Costs Through the Various Food and Beverage Activities 1. Basic Operating activities †¢ Purchasing †¢ Receiving †¢ Storing †¢ Issuing †¢ Pre-preparation (butchering, vegetable cleaning etc. ) †¢ Portioning †¢ Preparation (cooking, baking, salad and sandwich making, etc. ) †¢ Service †¢ Accounting and sales Study Highlights1 ? Food and Beverage costs in the majority of restaurant operations represent the largest single expenditure of the revenue. ? Food and beverage costs are influenced by the way the various activities such as purchasing, receiving, storing, issuing, pre-preparation, preparation and accounting are performed. Food and beverage control procedures should serve as effective â€Å"tools of management† to aid in the control of costs. They should be designed in such a way that the most effective allocation of time is made to the planning, comparing and corrective action phases of control, with the emphasis on planning. ? F&B control systems must be effectively used by management before they can be a valuable aid in the control of costs. ? F&B control systems are supported by various types of â€Å"standards: established by management e. g. , standard purchase specifications, standard portion sizes, standard recipes, etc. F&B control systems should be simple and flexible. ? Management is responsible for cost control, and should make use of every tool and technique at its disposal in order to keep costs in line with what they should be. ? In large, complex F&B operations, management is given cost control assistance in the form of staff specialists such as a food and beverage control office. ? In small F&B operations, the manager and his operating staff must alone maintain the necessary planning and control procedures as part of their day-to-day responsibilities. Four Basic Operating Procedures: 1. Food Purchasing, Receiving, Storing and Issuing The primary objective of each of the basic operating procedures should be kept in mind during this study †¢ Purchasing: to obtain the best quality of merchandise based on established specifications, at the best possible price. †¢ Receiving: to obtain the quality and quantity of merchandise ordered and at the quoted price. †¢ Storing: to maintain adequate stocks of merchandise on hand, and to avoid loss through theft or spoilage. †¢ Issuing: to insure proper authorization for the merchandise to be released and to properly account for each day’s issue. . Standard Purchase Specification †¢ A purchase specification is a concise description of the quality, size, and weight or count factors desired for a particular item †¢ Management establishes standard purchase specifications based upon a thorough study of the menu needs and their merchandising and pricing policies †¢ The purchasing agent, the purve yors of the company, and the company’s receiving clerk should each have a set of the established specifications †¢ ? Purchasing 1. There are 3 basic requisites for effective purchasing; a. a qualified and honest purchaser; . a sound set of standard purchase specifications c. effective buying methods and procedures. 2. Standard purchase specifications are concise descriptions of the quality, size, and weight or count factors desired for a particular item. 3. Copies of the purchase specifications should be in the hands of; a. the purchasing agent, b. the company’s purveyors c. the company’s receiving clerk. 4. Constant follow-up and evaluation procedures are necessary in order to insure the continuous adherence to established policies and procedures. ? Receiving 1. The personnel responsible for receiving should know all aspects of the merchandise they are called upon to evaluate and receive. 2. Food merchandise should be checked from the viewpoint of quality, quantity, specification, and price. 3. All merchandise accepted should be supported by an invoice, and the details of the invoice summarized on a daily receiving sheet. 4. Constant follow-up and evaluation checks are necessary to insure proper performance of the receiving procedures. 1. Definition of Terms †¢ 1. Cost of Food Consumed †¢ 2. Cost of Food Sold †¢ 3. Month-end Actual Cost of Food Consumed †¢ 4. Daily Actual Food Cost 5. Standard Food Cost 2. Basic Formula for Calculating Actual Food Costs †¢ Opening inventory + purchases = cost of merchandise available †¢ Merchandise available – closing inventory = cost of food consumed †¢ Food consumed + or – charges or credits = cost of food sold †¢ The Closing Inventory of the ‘Cur rent ‘ month becomes the opening inventory of the following month. Care and accuracy should be the rule in determining inventory value [pic] Paper prepared by Murage Macharia Lecturer, Mombasa Technical Training Institute P. O. BOX 81220 Mombasa 80100 Mobile: +254 726 604 340 +254 750 604340

Hamlet & Ophelia

Throughout the play of Hamlet, one constantly questions if Hamlet is actually in love with Aphelia. His intentions are difficult to determine: it often appears as though he is not in love with her at all, but is in fact repulsed by her. Hamlet even insists that Aphelia leave him, and everyone else in her life, in his immortal line, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery' (Ill. L. Pl 25), thus sending her away to lead a life of solitude.However, despite these statements from Hamlet, his other actions give way to the idea that Hamlet not only loves Aphelia, but also cares for her so deeply that he sees her as a liability. He treats her terribly and insists that she leave him in order to protect her from being hurt or killed by his enemies. It is here that we see that, indeed, Hamlet really does love Aphelia. The closest that Hamlet ever comes to stating his love is in Act Ill. Hamlet says to Aphelia, â€Å"l did love you† (Ill. L. Pl 25). However, he then goes on to tell her he does not l ove her.During this conversation, Hamlet believes someone may be eavesdropping on them. This is proven by Hamlet's question, â€Å"Where's your father? (Ill. L. IPPP). Aphelia states that he is at home. Hamlet replies with, â€Å"Let the doors be shut upon him that he may play the fool nowhere but in ‘s own house† (Ill. L. IPPP-44). This quote suggests that Polonium, Aphelion's father, is eavesdropping on Hamlet and foreshadows that he may be planning something as a result. Hamlet would never want to give away his true intentions for Aphelia to one of his enemies, such as Polonium, and therefore lies to Aphelia about his intentions for her.His love for her is so deep that he is willing to make her believe that he does not love her in order to rote her. Another example of Hamlet admitting his love for Aphelia is in the letter that he sends her. Hamlet writes, â€Å"Never doubt I love. † (11. 11. IPPP). He tells her that among and between everything else around he r, his love for her is real. This is the one time before Aphelion's death that Hamlet reveals his true feelings. He feels he can do this in writing, as Hamlet believes only Aphelia will read the letter, as opposed to one of his enemies, such as Polonium.Hamlet knew he had to hide his love for Aphelia and act in a different manner to protect her. His plan backfires however when Aphelia chives the letter, as she gives it to her father. Not even in writing can Hamlet admit his true feelings for Aphelia without the information of his vulnerability slipping into the wrong hands. Throughout the play, Hamlet's love for Aphelia is questioned. Hamlet acts as if he does not love Aphelia in order to trick everyone else into thinking that he does not care about her. Hamlet does not want Aphelia to become involved with him because if Claudia decides to get revenge on Hamlet, she would die.Hamlet shows his love for Aphelia when he confesses to her that he â€Å"loved† her, when he sends he r the deter, and when he finds out that she has died. But many could argue that Hamlet never loved Aphelia – that he fell out of love with her or he never loved her in the first place but was simply driven insane by his father's death and attempted to use her feelings for him to his advantage. Needless to say, there is concrete information pointing to Hamlet's love being true. Hamlet simply was not able to state it bluntly in order to protect Aphelia.Rexes Manchester Mr.. Lowe Is Hamlet a misogynist? If so, what might be the pathology of this vile disorder? Throughout the play Hamlet accuses women of being adulterous, uncaring and soonest creatures. Hamlet's misogynistic feelings towards women come from his mother, Gertrude, and, unfortunately, Aphelia becomes part of his thoughts as well. Hamlet's mother is the cause for his suspicion towards women. Gertrude hasty, and incestuous, remarriage to Claudia, within a week of the kings death causes anguish, suffering and distress for Hamlet.This leads him to question the true heartiness of all women; â€Å"O most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good, but break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue. (1. 11. Up 56-157) As the story goes on Gertrude becomes a cruel, adulterous and insupportable woman in Hamlet's eyes. â€Å"Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an misnamed bed, stew's in corruption, honeying and making lovers the nasty In this climatic scene Hamlet finally shows an intense desire to save his mother's soul by trying to convince her that she must repent for the marriage to Claudia.Hamlet attempts to teach Gertrude that celibacy becomes easier the more time goes on and the more one practices. As a consequence, it seems, the misogynist that is Hamlet egging to break down. Which is why Aphelia is so important with in the story, she becomes a victim of Hamlet's anger that leads us to discover if he is truly a misogynist or not. It is Ap helia, the passive character in the relationship that has become the unlucky victim. Aphelia believed that Hamlet possessed real love for her, but so much to the point that he became â€Å"mad for her love. (2:2:84) She accepted his love letters and acknowledged his indications. However, Hamlet becomes so concerned with how vengeful women are to men, or that they are a considerable threat to myself, and that he cannot stop for a moment and realize the pain he is causing Aphelia because of it. In the end, classifying Hamlet as a misogynist does not suffice to the difficult and realistic character of Hamlet. For, as it turns out, the feelings of hatred towards women were only because of the moments that he was caring and concerned with Aphelia and his mother.Though it is irresolute that he would have ever trusted a woman again but at the end he does reveal his love for Gertrude and Aphelia. Does Claudia murder his brother for his throne or his wife? Claudia is Hamlet's uncle, brother to king Hamlet. King Hamlet has been killed and a week after his death, Claudia became king and King Hamlet's wife, Gertrude, remarries to Claudia. The murder of King Hamlet is much like what we see in the Bible. Cain commits the first murder by killing his brother Able while he is sleeping peacefully in a garden.Much like this murder, Claudia murders his brother by pouring poison in his ear while he is sleeping in his own garden. Throughout the story Claudia' nerve is tested and finally he admits his â€Å"offense is rank and smells to heaven because it hath the primal eldest curse upon, a brother's murder† (111. 11. 111). Claudia not only murdered King Hamlet for the throne but for his wife Gertrude as well. He always possessed the secondary role to his brother for quite sometime and because he was always second to King Hamlet, he became Jealous.The fact that King Hamlet was always busy in state affairs and fights could the reason for Gertrude loneliness, which brought her closer to Claudia. After the death of King Hamlet, support of Claudia gave Gertrude a way out to prevail over the situation and heartache. Weak moral strength in Gertrude made it simple for Claudia to convince her to marry him. After this it was simple for Claudia to have Gertrude become loyal to him, this also made him the father of Hamlet and brought his worries of revolt to a close as well as Hamlet's royal right to become king.As Claudia took over the throne and married his brother's wife, it also would make sense to say that he took over the throne so Hamlet would not be king. Also, Claudia had to ascend the throne nearly immediately since Denmark was on the brink of war with Norway. Finally, Claudia took the throne because if he had not, Hamlet would have become king and would have figured out that Claudia murdered is father and would have had him murdered anyways since that is the mandate of this story. Claudia married for two reasons.He wanted to solidify his image in the k ingdom as king and he simply was in the dire need of romance. As the opportunity to do both of those came about he took advantage of it, but as he did that turned his newly owned kingdom into turmoil. Rexes Manchester The play opens in the dark. Two men a foot apart cannot see each other. A Ghost appears. Why has Shakespeare begun the play thus? What does it tell us about the nature of his audience? Shakespeare begins Hamlet in immediate suspense. There is no lighting and only two people on stage.The reason for this is to get the audience's attention from the beginning, without a strong introduction of the play the audience will be bored and unhappy with the performance. The audience at the globe theatre is rather uncivilized. Throughout the play itself the audience is drinking, eating and standing. Everyone in the audience is mostly dirtying, smelly and not very intellectual. If the actors were not performing at their highest level, things would be thrown on stage, the audience wou ld become irritated ND the situation would escalate very quickly to the point that there would be a riot.Shakespeare uses the tactic of introducing a ghost first because it conveys the overall setting of the play, which is suspense, mysteriousness, puzzlement and most of all, curiosity. Through this introduction there is no need for a narrator to come out on stage and say the play is beginning. Due to the mysteriousness the crowd becomes silent, as they are anxious to find out what the play is about. Without the beginning of the play starting as it does, there would be no way to have the audience cooperate for a long period of time.